Table 2.
Weighted Percent Positive for Current Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Ideation as a Function of Time and Type of Exposure
| 1 Year After 9/11 |
4 Years After 9/11 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disorder/symptom | Total (N = 444) | Direct exposure (n = 96) | Loss exposure (n = 77) | Indirect exposure (n = 271) | Total (N = 444) | Direct exposure (n = 96) | Loss exposure (n = 77) | Indirect exposure (n = 271) | χ 2 |
| PTSD | 10 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 3 | |
| Time | 11.1*** | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 8.4* | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 2.9 | ||||||||
| MDD | 22 | 16 | 33 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 27 | 15 | |
| Time | 2.9 | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 8.6* | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 3.0 | ||||||||
| GAD | 13 | 10 | 22 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 8 | |
| Time | 3.8 | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 5.3 | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 0.4 | ||||||||
| AUD/DUD | 11 | 20 | 15 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 17 | 10 | |
| Time | 3.6 | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 2.4 | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 8.6* | ||||||||
| Panic disorder | 4 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 4 | |
| Time | 1.3 | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 2.6 | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 1.3 | ||||||||
| Suicidal ideation | 5 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 16 | 11 | 29 | 15 | |
| Time | 32.6*** | ||||||||
| Exposure type | 6.7* | ||||||||
| Time × Exposure Type | 0.2 | ||||||||
Note. Overall unweighted N = 444. All data are weighted.
PTSD = Posttraumatic stress disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; AUD/DUD = alcohol or drug use disorder.
All effects are adjusted for gender, education, the number of days between 9/11 and the baseline interview, and the number of days between 9/11 and the follow-up interview.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.