Bioactivity assay of MFNPs. (a) Enhanced tubulin assembly detected by Western blot analysis in KB-3-1 and NCI/ADR-RES cells (the MDR cell line, H460/TaxR, was not used here because it was induced by PTX, resulting in a high background of β-tubulin) after these cells were treated with PTX, PTX/TPGS NPs, or MFNPs. All formulations were normalized to equivalent levels of PTX (5 μM), and PTX/TPGS NPs contained the same molar weight of TPGS as MFNPs loaded with 5-FU–TPGS. (b) Cytotoxicity assay in H460/TaxR cells (n = 6). One asterisk indicates a significant difference compared to PTX (p < 0.05). Two asterisks indicate a highly significant difference compared to PTX (p < 0.01). A number sign indicates a significant difference compared to PTX/TPGS NPs (p < 0.05). (c) Cellular uptake of [3H]PTX in different formulations. Two asterisks indicate a highly significant difference compared to PTX (p < 0.01).