Table 4.
Risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in multivariate analysis (men exposed to each factor v men not exposed, adjusted for each factor)
| Risk of diagnosis, by Gleason score of cancer (odds ratio (95% CI)) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 2-6 | 7 | 8-10 | |
| 5-ARI | ||||
| No treatment (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Treatment received (exposure period) | ||||
| Combined* | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.94) | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.96) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.94) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) |
| 0-1 year | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.15) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) |
| 1-2 years | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.91) | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.76 (0.62 to 0.95) | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.31) |
| 2-3 years | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.90) | 0.67 (0.50 to 0.90) | 0.73 (0.55 to 0.97) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.27) |
| >3 years | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.89) | 0.27 (0.15 to 0.48) | 0.79 (0.57 to 1.10) | 1.23 (0.90 to 1.68) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
| α blockers | ||||
| No treatment (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Treatment received | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) | 1.60 (1.50 to 1.71) | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.18) |
| Previous prostate biopsy† | ||||
| No previous biopsy (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Previous biopsy undertaken‡ | ||||
| 1 biopsy, <2 years | 4.01 (3.74 to 4.29) | 4.71 (4.31 to 5.16) | 3.65 (3.19 to 4.18) | 2.69 (2.17 to 3.33) |
| 1 biopsy, ≥2 years | 2.30 (2.13 to 2.48) | 2.84 (2.55 to 3.17) | 2.10 (1.83 to 2.42) | 1.70 (1.42 to 2.04) |
| ≥2 biopsies, <4 years | 4.76 (4.34 to 5.23) | 5.75 (5.08 to 6.51) | 4.51 (3.77 to 5.39) | 3.11 (2.35 to 4.11) |
| ≥2 biopsies, ≥4 years | 3.46 (3.07 to 3.89) | 4.36 (3.69 to 5.16) | 3.19 (2.59 to 3.94) | 2.40 (1.76 to 3.28) |
| Transurethral resection of the prostate | ||||
| No resection (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Resection conducted | 0.75 (0.71 to 0.81) | 0.72 (0.64 to 0.80) | 0.76 (0.68 to 0.85) | 0.80 (0.71 to 0.91) |
| Family status | ||||
| Married (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Single, with children | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.97) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) |
| Single, no children | 0.78 (0.74 to 0.81) | 0.72 (0.68 to 0.77) | 0.78 (0.72 to 0.83) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) |
| Highest attained level of education | ||||
| High (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Middle | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.07) |
| Low or missing data | 0.89 (0.87 to 0.92) | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.88) | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.94) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.11) |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| 0 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) |
| 2 | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.96) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) |
| ≥3 | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.89) | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.90) | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.83) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) |
*All exposure times combined.
†Prostate biopsy sessions performed before the diagnostic biopsy session for the case and corresponding date for the control.
‡Biopsies undertaken within specified period before diagnosis.