Table 5.

Serum biochemical indicators of pregnant Peruvian women by significant covariates^1-2

Covariate3	Biochemical indicator parameter estimates
	Total lycopene
Age group	GM4	95% CI5	p-value6
≤ 20	0.060	0.045-0.082	0.02
21–25	0.054	0.041-0.071
26–29	0.078	0.060-0.10
≥ 30	0.058	0.047-0.075
	Beta-carotene
Education status	GM	95% CI	p-value
Primary	0.16	0.12-0.20	0.03
Secondary	0.24	0.20-0.28
Superior	0.26	0.20-0.34
	Beta-cryptoxanthin
Education status	GM	95% CI	p-value
Primary	0.33	0.26-0.42	0.02
Secondary	0.45	0.38-0.54
Superior	0.56	0.43-0.73
	Total lycopene
Education status	GM	95% CI	p-value
Primary	0.045	0.036-0.058	0.03
Secondary	0.063	0.052-0.076
Superior	0.071	0.052-0.093
	Beta-cryptoxanthin
SES	GM	95% CI	p-value
Lower	0.49	0.43-0.57	0.05
Middle/Upper	0.59	0.51-0.69

¹Does not include cord serum.

²All values expressed in μmol/L unless otherwise noted.

³Only covariates that significantly impact biochemical indicators are presented.

⁴GM geometric means.

⁵95% CI = 95% confidence intervals.

⁶p-values were calculated using a Mixed Effects Model procedure.