Table 2.
Comparison of the Risk Factors Between Patients with HIV Only and Patients Coinfected with Tuberculosis and HIV
| |
Profile of the patients |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | HIV N =553 (%) | Coinfected TB-HIV N =181 (%) | Total N =734 (%) | p |
| Area | ||||
| Rural | 149 (26.9) | 95 (52.5) | 244 (33.2) | <0.001* |
| Urban | 404 (73.1) | 86 (47.5) | 490 (66.8) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 405 (73.2) | 98 (54.1) | 503 (68.5) | <0.001* |
| Male | 148 (26.8) | 83 (45.9) | 231 (31.5) | |
| Age | ||||
| <36 years old | 252 (45.6) | 85 (47.0) | 337 (45.9) | 0.810 |
| ≥36 years old | 301 (54.4) | 96 (53.0) | 397 (54.1) | |
| Mean±SD | 37.5±8.7 | 35.0±9.6 | 37.2±8.9 | 0.173 |
| Distance between living room and the health facility | ||||
| <4 km | 142 (25.7) | 52 (28.7) | 194 (26.4) | 0.003* |
| 4 to 9 km | 231 (41.8) | 51 (28.2) | 282 (38.4) | |
| >9 km | 180 (32.5) | 78 (42.1) | 258 (35.1) | |
| Self-esteem (Mean±SD) | 24.8±3.1 | 26.3±5.4 | 25.2±3.9 | <0.001* |
| Quality of life (Mean±SD) | 25.9±3.8 | 23.2±5.4 | 23.9±4.4 | <0.001* |
| Profession | ||||
| Other professional sector and unemployed | 490 (88.6) | 144 (79.6) | 634 (86.4) | 0.002* |
| Private-public sector | 63 (11.4) | 37 (20.4) | 100 (13.6) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Widowed, separated, and divorced | 175 (31.6) | 32 (17.7) | 207 (28.2) | 0.001* |
| Monogamous, polygamous, and cohabiting | 307 (55.5) | 127 (70.2) | 434 (59.1) | |
| Single | 71 (12.8) | 22 (12.2) | 93 (12.7) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Other religion | 203 (36.7) | 73 (40.3) | 276 (37.6) | 0.432 |
| Muslim | 350 (63.3) | 108 (59.7) | 458 (62.4) | |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Other ethnic groups | 378 (68.4) | 95 (52.5) | 473 (64.4) | <0.001* |
| Mossi | 175 (31.6) | 86 (47.5) | 261 (35.6) | |
| Duration of residence | ||||
| ≤24 months | 85 (15.4) | 35 (19.3) | 120 (16.3) | 0.256 |
| >24 months | 468 (84.6) | 146 (80.7) | 614 (83.7) | |
| Knowledge about anti-TB treatment duration | ||||
| Insufficient knowledge | 506 (91.5) | 61 (33.7) | 567 (77.2) | <0.001* |
| Good knowledge | 47 (8.5) | 120 (66.3) | 167 (22.8) | |
| Knowledge about TB transmission (mean±SD) | 8.8±3.0 | 4.0±3.7 | 7.6±3.8 | <0.001* |
| Knowledge about side effects of anti-TB treatment (mean±SD) | 1.1±2.2 | 2.7±2.0 | 1.5±2.3 | <0.001* |
| Other aspects of knowledge (mean±SD) | 6.8±1.1 | 4.8±1.9 | 6.3±1.6 | <0.001* |
| Total TB knowledge (mean±SD) | 24.1±5.3 | 19.6±7.4 | 23.0±6.2 | <0.001* |
| Attitude (mean±SD) | 12.9±4.2 | 9.4±3.1 | 10.3±4.2 | <0.001* |
| Ever lost to follow-up? | ||||
| Never | 288 (52.1) | 63 (34.8) | 351 (47.8) | <0.001* |
| Has been lost to follow-up | 265 (47.9) | 118 (65.2) | 383 (52.2) | |
| Past history of TB (mean±SD) | 0.6±0.9 | 1.2±1.0 | 0.79±0.1 | <0.001* |
| Stigma (mean±SD) | 6.3±1.9 | 8.3±2.6 | 6.8±2.3 | <0.001* |
| Discrimination and isolation (mean±SD) | 3.8±1.6 | 3.3±2.0 | 3.7±1.8 | 0.002* |
| Medication adherence | ||||
| <6=low | 232 (42.0) | 71 (39.2) | 303 (41.3) | <0.001* |
| 6 to 7.99=medium | 136 (24.6) | 93 (51.4) | 229 (31.2) | |
| Equal 8=high | 185 (33.5) | 17 (9.4) | 202 (927.5) | |
| Mean±SD | 6.3±1.6 | 6.0±1.8 | 6.2±1.6 | 0.028* |
| Awareness of disease transmission (mean±SD) | 8.6±4.0 | 7.9±3.4 | 8.4±3.9 | 0.039* |
| Psychosocial consequences of disease (mean±SD) | 9.4±1.4 | 10.4±2.0 | 9.7±1.6 | <0.001* |
| Financial access (mean±SD) | 0.6±0.6 | 1.6±1.0 | 0.8±0.8 | <0.001* |
| IDU | ||||
| At least once | 27 (4.9) | 11 (6.1) | 38 (5.2) | 0.662 |
| Past or present history of cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Yes | 89 (16.1) | 22 (12.2) | 111 (15.1) | 0.244 |
| First choice when the patient is sick | ||||
| Private clinic | 17 (3.1) | 8 (4.4) | 25 (3.4) | <0.001* |
| Public clinic | 526 (95.1) | 141 (77.9) | 667 (90.9) | |
| Healer | 10 (1.8) | 32 (17.7) | 42 (5.7) | |
| First choice for consultation place about the present disease | ||||
| Clinics | 491 (88.8) | 110 (60.8) | 601 (81.9) | <0.001* |
| Healer | 62 (11.2) | 71 (39.2) | 133 (18.1) | |
| First choice for consultation place when having cough | ||||
| Healer | 118 (21.3) | 56 (30.9) | 174 (23.7) | 0.011* |
| Clinics | 435 (78.7) | 125 (69.1) | 560 (76.3) | |
| Education | ||||
| Not educated | 270 (48.8) | 101 (55.8) | 371 (50.5) | 0.123 |
| Educated | 283 (51.2) | 80 (44.2) | 363 (49.5) | |
| Monthly income | ||||
| ≥67 USD | 232 (42.0) | 65 (35.9) | 297 (40.5) | 0.177 |
| <67 USD | 321 (58.0) | 116 (64.1) | 437 (59.5) | |
| Means of transportation | ||||
| None and bicycle | 364 (65.8) | 128 (70.7) | 492 (67.0) | 0.261 |
| Scooter, car, and bus | 189 (54.2) | 53 (29.3) | 242 (33.0) | |
| Waiting time | ||||
| Acceptable | 406 (73.4) | 120 (66.3) | 526 (71.7) | 0.080 |
| Longer | 147 (26.6) | 61 (33.7) | 208 (28.3) | |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 103 (18.6) | 70 (38.7) | 173 (23.6) | <0.001* |
| No | 450 (81.4) | 111 (61.3) | 561 (76.4) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 22 (4.0) | 44 (24.3) | 66 (9.0) | <0.001* |
| No | 531 (96.0) | 137 (75.7) | 668 (91.0) | |
| Inmate status | ||||
| Never been prisoner | 543 (98.2) | 169 (93.4) | 712 (97.0) | 0.001* |
| Imprisoned at least once | 10 (1.8) | 12 (6.6) | 22 (3.0) | |
| Knowledge of viral hepatitis B and C | ||||
| Yes | 58 (10.5) | 29 (16.0) | 87 (11.9) | 0.062 |
| Sexually transmissible infection (STI) | ||||
| Never had STI | 229 (41.4) | 60 (33.1) | 289 (39.4) | 0.048* |
| At least once had STI | 324 (58.6) | 121 (66.9) | 445 (60.6) | |
| Diabetes status | ||||
| Yes | 13 (2.4) | 11 (6.1) | 24 (3.3) | 0.011* |
| No | 479 (86.6) | 142 (78.5) | 621 (84.6) | |
| Unknown | 61 (11.0) | 28 (15.5) | 89 (12.1) | |
| Past or present history of pulmonary asthma | ||||
| Yes | 8 (1.4) | 9 (5.0) | 17 (2.3) | 0.006* |
| Past or present history of arterial hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 115 (20.8) | 27 (14.9) | 142 (19.3) | 0.103 |
| CD4 cells count (/μl) | N=553 | N=52 | N=605 | |
| CD4 more than 200 | 218 (39.4) | 9 (17.3) | 227 (37.5) | 0.003* |
| CD4 less than or equal 200 | 335 (60.6) | 43 (82.7) | 378 (62.5) | |
| Mean±SD | 177.1±71.0 | 151.4±62.6 | 174.9±70.6 | 0.012* |
| Number of persons living in the family (mean±SD) | 9.4±6.9 | 9.0±5.9 | 9.3±6.6 | 0.405 |
| Number of persons sleeping in the family (mean±SD) | 6.7±4.8 | 6.5±5.2 | 6.7±4.9 | 0.614 |
| Number of children per participant (mean±SD) | 2.8±2.3 | 2.7±2.1 | 2.8±2.3 | 0.523 |
| Geographic access (mean±SD) | 2.8±0.9 | 2.8±0.9 | 2.8±0.9 | 0.310 |
| Work perceived (mean±SD) | 4.3±0.9 | 4.1±1.1 | 4.3±1.0 | 0.058 |
*
p<0.005.
SD, standard deviation.