Table 1.

Strategies of NET evasion by various pathogens

Pathogen	Mediator	Mechanism of action	Refs.
Group A Streptococci	Sda1	NET degradation	[8–10]
	Streptokinase	Fibrinolysis	[76, 77]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Endonuclease	NET degradation	[11]
Staphylococcus aureus	Endonucleases	NET degradation	[12, 13]
	Staphylocoagulase	NET degradation	[78, 79]
	vWF-binding protein	Exploitation of coagulation	[78, 79]
	CLFA and CLFB	Platelet aggregation	[74]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Sialic acid	Molecular mimicry	[14, 16]
Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nidulans	RodA	Molecular mimicry	[7]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	High lipid cell wall content	Molecular mimicry	[19, 23]
Mycobacterium canetti	High lipid cell wall content	Molecular mimicry	[23]
Mycobacterium bovis BCG	Mφ-ingested PMN CG and NE	Modulation of NETosis	[25, 26]
Mycobacterium smegmatis	Microparticles and ectosomes	Modulation of NETosis	[27, 28]
	IFNγ and ESX-1 system	Modulation of NETosis	[29]
Leishmania amazonensis	Coinfection with FeLV	Modulation of NETosis	[84]
Human immmunodeficiency virus	CD209 binding	Modulation of NETosis	[86, 87]

NET neutrophil extracellular trap, vWF von Willebrand factor, CLFA clumping factor A, CLFB clumping factor B, RodA hydrophobin RodA protein, BCG bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Mφ macrophage, PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil, CG cathepsin-G, NE neutrophil elastase, IFNγ interferon gamma, ESX-1 mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system, FeLV feline leukemia virus