Table 4.
The associations between marital, interpersonal and socioeconomic factors and women with one or two children versus women with five or more children in Lopon, 2007
| Variable | n (%) | % Subfertile |
p-value | Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Marriage Married to first husband |
0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 92 (68.7) | 21.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 42 (31.3) | 52.4 | 5.95 (2.17–16.34) | 2.11 (0.48–9.28) | |
| Current marital status | 0.36 | ||||
| Married | 116 (87.2) | 30.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Has no partner | 17 (12.8) | 41.2 | 1.17 (0.79–1.74) | ||
| Times married | 0.001 | ||||
| Once | 104 (78.8) | 24.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Twice or more | 28 (21.2) | 57.1 | 9.35 (2.65–32.94) | 3.25 (0.53–20.22) | |
| At first marriage did your husband have another wife? |
0.50 | ||||
| Yes | 30 (22.6) | 36.7 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 103 (77.4) | 30.1 | 0.74 (0.32–1.71) | ||
| Did your husband later marry another wife? | 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 34 (25.0) | 61.8 | 4.49 (1.93–10.44) | 2.45 (0.93–6.49) | |
| No | 102 (75.0) | 24.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Would the husband be justified in leaving his wife, if they were unable to have children? |
0.08 | ||||
| Yes | 15 (10.9) | 53.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 123 (89.1) | 30.9 | 0.46 (0.16–1.32) | 0.87 (0.18–4.35) | |
| Would the wife be justified in leaving her husband, if they were unable to have children? |
0.52 | ||||
| Yes | 12 (8.9) | 41.7 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 123 (91.1) | 32.5 | 0.51 (0.15–1.73) | ||
|
Interpersonal factorsa How did your husband’s mother treat you as a young married wife? Helpful to you? |
0.10 | ||||
| Yes | 116 (94.3) | 27.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 7 (5.7) | 57.1 | 2.82 (0.61–13.10) | 2.56 (0.55–11.99) | |
| Did you quarrel? | 0.07 | ||||
| Yes | 23 (20.4) | 47.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 90 (79.7) | 27.8 | 0.59 (0.21–1.66) | 0.81 (0.25–2.61) | |
| Did she change the way she treated you? | 0.38 | ||||
| Yes | 12 (10.5) | 41.7 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 102 (89.5) | 29.4 | 0.83 (0.21–3.22) | ||
| How did your husband treat you as a young married wife? Did you quarrel? |
0.37 | ||||
| Yes | 33 (26.6) | 39.4 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 91 (73.4) | 30.8 | 0.65 (0.26–1.63) | ||
| Did he abuse you? | 0.68 | ||||
| Yes | 13 (10.6) | 38.5 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 110 (89.4) | 32.7 | 0.79 (0.22–2.91) | ||
| Did your husband change the way he treated you? | |||||
| Yes | 48 (34.8) | 33.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 90 (65.2) | 33.3 | 1.06 (0.49–2.28) | ||
| The number of children you have, does that influence the way you are treated by your: Husband? |
0.004 | ||||
| Yes | 18 (14.2) | 61.1 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 109 (85.8) | 26.6 | 0.20 (0.06–0.67) | ||
| Husband’s mother? | 0.006 | ||||
| Yes | 12 (11.2) | 66.7 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 95 (88.8) | 27.4 | 0.33 (0.08–1.40) | ||
| Husband’s sister? | 0.24 | ||||
| Yes | 16 (14.3) | 43.8 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 96 (85.7) | 29.2 | 0.84 (0.23–3.11) | ||
|
Socioeconomic factors Education |
0.006 | ||||
| <1 | 37 (27.0) | 24.3 | 1.14 (0.37–3.58) | 0.44 (0.08–2.43) | |
| 1–6 (primary) | 40 (29.2) | 17.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 7–12 (secondary) | 31 (22.6) | 45.2 | 3.25 (1.07–9.86) | 1.55 (0.26–9.24) | |
| Above secondary | 29 (21.2) | 51.7 | 3.53 (1.22–10.25) | 1.77 (0.12–26.92) | |
| What economic activities do you do today? | 0.03 | ||||
| Trading | 30 (22.9) | 40.0 | 1.22 (0.46–3.25) | 0.30 (0.06–1.52) | |
| Farming | 74 (56.5) | 24.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Teaching | 15 (11.5) | 33.3 | 1.19 (0.36–4.01) | 0.46 (0.03–8.06) | |
| Other | 12 (9.2) | 66.7 | 5.59 (1.39–22.53) | 1.90 (0.09–40.91) | |
| Did your economic activities change over time? | 0.11 | ||||
| Yes | 35 (32.1) | 20.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 74 (67.9) | 35.1 | 3.06 (0.83–11.27) | 5.42 (1.09–26.98) | |
| Do you participate in family meetings? | 0.61 | ||||
| Yes | 109 (82.6) | 29.4 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 23 (17.4) | 34.8 | 1.11 (0.38–3.20) | ||
| Do you own personal property? | 0.95 | ||||
| Yes | 15 (11.1) | 33.3 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 120 (88.9 | 34.3 | 1.02 (0.31–3.36) | ||
| Are you circumcised? | 0.71 | ||||
| Yes | 51 (38.1) | 29.4 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 83 (61.9) | 32.5 | 1.11 (0.50–2.44) | ||
| Did you do your kukpol? | 0.10 | ||||
| Yes | 65 (48.5) | 24.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| No | 69 (51.5) | 37.7 | 1.77 (0.78–4.01) | 1.85 (0.50–6.85) | |
| Do you participate in a woman’s association? | 0.85 | ||||
| Yes | 110 (88.9) | 32.7 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 26 (19.1) | 34.6 | 0.82 (0.34–2.00) | ||
| Does having children make a woman a different person? |
0.37 | ||||
| Yes | 120 (88.2) | 32.5 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 16 (11.8) | 43.8 | 1.52 (0.47–4.89) | ||
| Cared for non-biological children? | 0.94 | ||||
| Yes | 74 (55.2) | 31.1 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 60 (44.8) | 31.7 | 0.85 (0.39–1.84) | ||
| Do you receive any gifts from children you have taken care of? |
0.21 | ||||
| Yes | 20 (27.0) | 20.0 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 54 (73.0) | 35.2 | 0.96 (0.24–3.73) | ||
a
Did not include any of the variables within the group of variables ‘The number of children you have, does that influence the way you are treated by your…’ in the multivariate model. Model did not converge when these variables were included.