Fig. 1.

James Gross’ process model of emotion regulation. The “Process Model” by Gross (1998, 2002) proposes that emotions unfold as a multicomponential process, whereby a situation occurs (either external or internal) that is then attended to, giving rise to an appraisal of the situation’s valence and motivational relevance, which results in a series of experiential, behavioral, and neurophysiological response changes (see bottom row). Sometimes responses interact with the environment and lead to changes in the situation that produced the initial response, resulting in a recursive loop that engenders new emotional responses (see arrow). Importantly, a number of strategies can be applied to regulate negative and positive emotions at these different stages of the emotion generative process (see top row). These emotion regulation strategies can be divided into those that are antecedent-focused (situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change) and response-focused (response modulation/affective suppression).