Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Anthropometric, and Environmental Characteristics of Study Sample
| Characteristic | All (N = 725) | High PCE (n = 76) | Some PCE (n = 170) | No PCE (n = 479) | H vs. N p | S vs. N p | H vs. S p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 373 (51) | 41 (54) | 87 (51) | 245 (51) | .65 | .995 | .688 |
| Maternal education, n (%) | |||||||
| > HS | 163 (22) | 17 (22) | 29 (17) | 117 (24) | .002 | .001 | .309 |
| HS | 299 (41) | 21 (28) | 63 (37) | 215 (45) | |||
| < HS | 262 (36) | 38 (50) | 78 (46) | 146 (30) | |||
| Race, n (%) | |||||||
| Black | 599 (83) | 63 (83) | 152 (89) | 384 (80) | .813 | .024 | .346 |
| White | 83 (11) | 8 (11) | 12 (7) | 63 (13) | |||
| Other | 43 (6) | 5 (7) | 6 (4) | 32 (7) | |||
| SES, mean (SD) | 3.48 (0.99) | 3.65 (0.86) | 3.70 (0.97) | 3.38 (1.00) | .025 | < .001 | .741 |
| SGA, n (%) | 166 (23) | 24 (32) | 42 (25) | 100 (21) | .037 | .283 | .272 |
| LBW, n (%) | 293 (40) | 33 (43) | 71 (42) | 189 (39) | .512 | .598 | .808 |
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 288 (40) | 26 (34) | 71 (42) | 191 (40) | .34 | .601 | .234 |
| Prenatal alcohol use, mean (SD) | 0.33 (0.98) | 0.89 (1.81) | 0.69 (1.27) | 0.11 (0.48) | < .001 | < .001 | .117 |
| Prenatal binge drinking, n (%) | 129 (18) | 24 (32) | 66 (39) | 39 (8) | < .001 | < .001 | .276 |
| Prenatal tobacco use, mean (SD) | 6.12 (9.65) | 11.42 (11.01) | 10.86 (10.78) | 3.60 (7.88) | < .001 | < .001 | .655 |
| Prenatal marijuana use, mean (SD) | 0.08 (0.30) | 0.19 (0.45) | 0.12 (0.40) | 0.04 (0.21) | < .001 | .002 | .112 |
| Prenatal opiate exposure, n (%) | 49 (7) | 8 (11) | 11 (6) | 30 (6) | .172 | .924 | .271 |
| Foster care, n (%) | 76 (10) | 22 (29) | 34 (20) | 20 (4) | < .001 | < .001 | .122 |
| Caretaker changes, mean (SD) | 0.75 (1.34) | 1.89 (2.08) | 1.25 (1.41) | 0.38 (0.96) | <.001 | < .001 | < .001 |
| Caretaker abuse, n (%) | 17 (2) | 2 (3) | 6 (4) | 9 (2) | .622 | .206 | .738 |
| Child abuse, n (%) | 9 (1) | 2 (3) | 3 (2) | 4 (1) | .155 | .311 | .650 |
| Community violence, mean (SD) | 3.98 (3.97) | 4.74 (4.12) | 5.20 (4.16) | 3.44 (3.77) | .009 | < .001 | .417 |
| Caregiver depression, n (%) | 64 (9) | 6 (8) | 15 (9) | 43 (9) | .886 | .99 | .892 |
| Caregiver alcohol use, mean (SD) | 0.24 (0.72) | 0.25 (0.69) | 0.43 (1.04) | 0.17 (0.56) | .401 | < .001 | .081 |
| Caregiver binge drinking, n (%) | 100 (14) | 7 (9) | 38 (22) | 55 (11) | .629 | < .001 | .016 |
| Caregiver tobacco use, mean (SD) | 5.59 (9.08) | 6.39 (8.66) | 7.96 (9.98) | 4.64 (8.65) | .125 | < .001 | .22 |
| Caregiver marijuana use, mean (SD) | 0.05 (0.28) | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.05 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.31) | .932 | .986 | .948 |
Note. H = high, S = some, and N = none. Statistical comparisons are based on chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVAs for continuous variables.