Table 1.
The distribution of cigarette smoking by socio-demographic characteristics and bivariate odds ratios (OR) for cigarette smoking among Ghanaian men in the 2003 and 2008 demographic and health surveys
| Indicator |
Cigarette smoking |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
2003 |
2008 |
OR* (95% CI) |
|
| N (%) | N (%) | Total sample | |
|
Age (in years) |
|
|
|
| 15–24 |
1791(1.6) |
1613 (1.5) |
1.0 |
| 25–34 |
1387 (10.1) |
1156 (7.5) |
6.1 (4.5–8.4) |
| 35–59 |
1836 (19.5) |
1796 (14.5) |
11.8 (8.8–15.9) |
|
Education |
|
|
|
| Higher education |
316 (6.0) |
412 (4.6) |
1.0 |
| Secondary education |
3014 (6.3) |
2850 (4.9) |
1.4 (1.0–1.9) |
| Primary education |
803 (10.7) |
663 (10.1) |
2.9 (2.0–4.2) |
| No education |
881 (26.2) |
640 (23.0) |
4.7 (3.3–6.6) |
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
| Managerial/professional |
411 (8.2) |
458 (10.3) |
1.0 |
| Clerical and services |
515 (10.3) |
784 (17.7) |
1.7 (1.2–2.4) |
| Manual |
975 (19.4) |
805 (18.2) |
1.6 (1.1–2.3) |
| Agriculture |
1970 (39.9) |
1567 (35.4) |
3.0 (2.2–4.1) |
| No working |
1061 (21.2) |
809 (18.3) |
0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
|
Religion |
|
|
|
| Christianity |
4447 (8.3) |
3304 (4.7) |
1.0 |
| Traditional religion |
329 (25.5) |
253 (25.7) |
3.6 (2.9–4.5) |
| Muslim |
238 (31.5) |
755 (13.4) |
2.9 (2.0–4.1) |
| Other religions |
2 (0) |
252 (19.8) |
2.0 (1.6–2.4) |
|
Labour market position |
|
|
|
| Not in labour force |
3790 (2.8) |
3640 (2.5) |
1.0 |
| In labour force |
1222 (13.0) |
909 (9.6) |
2.0 (1.5–2.7) |
|
Wealth index |
|
|
|
| Richest |
1204 (5.7) |
1079(3.3) |
1.0 |
| Richer |
1060 (6.6) |
1078 (5.2) |
1.5 (1.1–1.9) |
| Middle |
976 (8.5) |
784 (7.9) |
2.0 (1.1–2.9) |
| Poorer |
903 (13.0) |
815 (7.7) |
2.4 (1.9–3.1) |
| Poorest |
872 (21.6) |
809 (19.2) |
4.1 (3.2–5.3) |
|
Place of residence |
|
|
|
| Urban |
2250 (7.0) |
2122 (5.6) |
1.0 |
| Rural |
2764 (13.3) |
2443 (10.4) |
1.8 (1.5–2.1) |
|
Survey year |
|
|
|
| 2003 |
|
|
1.0 |
| 2008 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | ||
*Age and year adjusted odds ratio.