Table 3.
Predictors of placental global methylation in mother-newborn pairs (n = 240)
| Variables | β | SE | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age, y |
0.0005 |
0.005 |
0.93 |
| Pre-gestational BMI, kg/m2 |
0.002 |
0.005 |
0.68 |
| Net weight gain, kg |
0.002 |
0.004 |
0.54 |
| Maternal education |
|
|
|
| Low |
Ref |
- |
|
| Middle |
-0.071 |
0.081 |
0.38 |
| High |
-0.076 |
0.077 |
0.33 |
| Smoking |
|
|
|
| Never-smoker |
Ref |
- |
|
| Past-smoker |
-0.133 |
0.067 |
0.05 |
| Smoker |
-0.102 |
0.068 |
0.13 |
| Acetaminophen |
|
|
|
| No |
Ref |
- |
|
| Yes |
0.129 |
0.049 |
0.009 |
| Alcohola |
|
|
|
| No |
Ref |
- |
|
| Yes |
-0.036 |
0.065 |
0.58 |
| Parity |
|
|
|
| 1 |
Ref |
- |
|
| 2 |
0.054 |
0.053 |
0.31 |
| ≥ 3 |
0.074 |
0.085 |
0.38 |
| Newborn characteristics |
|
|
|
| Newborn’s gender |
|
|
|
| Male |
Ref |
- |
|
| Female |
-0.108 |
0.049 |
0.03 |
| Ethnicityb |
|
|
|
| European |
Ref |
- |
|
| Non-European |
-0.020 |
0.074 |
0.78 |
| Gestational age, w |
0.028 |
0.019 |
0.15 |
| Birth weight, g |
0.0001 |
0.00006 |
0.06 |
| Birth length, cm |
0.026 |
0.013 |
0.05 |
| Time related characteristics |
|
|
|
| Seasonc |
|
|
|
| Fall |
Ref |
- |
|
| Winter |
0.096 |
0.067 |
0.15 |
| Spring |
0.351 |
0.070 |
< 0.0001 |
| Summer |
0.097 |
0.065 |
0.14 |
| Apparent temperature, °C |
|
|
|
| Trimester 1 |
0.019 |
0.004 |
< 0.0001 |
| Trimester 2 |
0.006 |
0.004 |
0.15 |
| Trimester 3 | -0.021 | 0.004 | < 0.0001 |
β-estimate is an absolute change in percentage of global DNA methylation.
aData available for 235 and b238 subjects.
cSeason determined for date of conception.