Table 3.

Examples of clinical settings in which novel biomarkers of kidney disease have been studied in humans

Scenario	Selected biomarkers
Cardiac Surgery	β2M, CyC, GST, IL-18, KIM-1, L-FABP, NAG, Netrin, NGAL
Intensive Care Unit	β2M, CyC, GST, IL-18, KIM-1, L-FABP, NAG, NGAL
Contrast-induced nephropathy	CyC, IL-18, KIM-1, L-FABP, NAG, NGAL
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity	AAP, AP, β2M, CyC, calbindin D, clusterin, GGT, GST, KIM-1, LDH, L-FABP, NAG, NGAL, osteopontin, RBP4
Chronic Kidney Disease	ADMA, β-TP, CTGF, FGF-23, KIM-1, L-FABP, NGAL, RBP4, TFF3, uromodulin
Glomerular Disease	IL-18, IP-10, NGAL, MCP-1, NAG, osteopontin, TGF-β

Abbreviations

AAP	Alanine aminopeptidase
ADMA	Asymmetric dimethyl arginine
AP	Alkaline phosphatase
β-TP	Beta-trace protein
β2M	Beta-2-microglobulin
CyC	Cystatin C
CTGF	Connective tissue growth factor
FGF-23	Fibroblast growth factor 23
GGT	Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
GST	Glutathione-s-transferases
IL-18	Interleukin 18
IP-10	Interferon gamma-induced protein10
KIM-1	Kidney injury molecule 1
L-FABP	Liver-type fatty acid binding protein
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
NAG	N-acetyl glucosaminidase
NGAL	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
RBP4	Retinol binding protein 4
TFF3	Trefoil factor 3
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta