Table 2.

Possible protective mechanisms of BHD.

Possible drug protective mechanism	Studies
Hemorheology and cerebral circulation improvement	[5, 34, 47]
Cerebral edema relief; blood brain barrier permeability reduction	[28, 30, 39, 40, 44, 45, 53, 60, 61]
Excitatory neurotransmitter toxicity reduction	[11]
Reduction of Ca2+ overload	[14, 22]
Oxidative stress and nitration stress reaction reduction	[15, 16, 38, 60]
Antiinflammatory effect	[5, 26, 31, 46, 63]
Antiapoptotic effect	[5, 15, 38, 40, 50]
Promotion of new blood vessel formation	[5, 6, 8, 27, 37, 42, 45, 52, 62]
Promotion of nerve regeneration and synapse formation	[5, 9, 13, 16, 20, 29, 32, 41, 43, 48, 51, 55, 57, 59, 66]
Other	[22–25, 33, 36, 49, 64]