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. 2013 Jun 20;8(6):e67701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067701

Figure 3. Contribution of VIP and PACAP receptors for the neuropeptide-induced inhibition of HIV-1 replication.

Figure 3

. Macrophages were infected with an R5-tropic HIV-1 isolate (Ba-L) and treated with culture medium (Medium) or with an antagonist of PAC1 (M65, 50 nM), VPAC1 and VPAC2 (atVIP, 100 nM) or with both antagonists (M65+atVIP) 15 minutes before the addition of VIP (A) or PACAP (B) at 10 nM. Viral replication was measured in the culture supernatants using an HIV-1 p24 ELISA 12-14 days after infection. Data represent means ± SEM of five independent experiments. Virus production in the positive control (HIV-1-infected cells cultured only with medium): 5.8±1.9 ng/mL p24 Ag. The three bars on the right show the virus replication by macrophages exposed only to the antagonists. *p≤.05; **p≤.01; ***p≤.001.