Table 1. Comparisons of Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioural Characteristics of Non-offenders, Violent Offenders with ASPD−P, and Violent Offenders with ASPD+P.
| Measure | Non-offenders (n = 21) | ASPD–P (n = 28) | ASPD+P (n = 17) | Group differences |
| Age in years | 35.0 (8.2) | 35.8 (8.4) | 40.0 (9.0) | F(63) = 1.87 |
| Full Scale IQ | 95.1 (11.0) | 91.9 (10.2) | 88.9 (9.9) | F(63) = 1.72 |
| % Caucasian | 61.9 | 67.9 | 41.2 | χ2(2) = 3.22 |
| % with PD other than ASPD | ||||
| Cluster A | 0 | 10.7 | 17.6 | χ2(2) = 3.69 |
| Cluster B | 0 | 14.3 | 23.5 | χ2(2) = 5.1# |
| Cluster C | 0 | 7.1 | 11.8 | χ2(2) = 2.38 |
| PCL–R total | 3.8 (2.8)a | 16.7 (4.1)b | 28.3 (2.1)c | F(63) = 260.73*** |
| PCL–R Interpersonal facet | 0.4 (1.0)a | 1.7 (1.4)b | 3.9 (1.3)c | F(63) = 36.14*** |
| PCL–R Affective facet | 0.6 (0.9)a | 2.9 (1.8)b | 6.2 (2.9)c | F(63) = 63.37*** |
| PCL–R Lifestyle | 1.9 (1.5)a | 5.1 (2.1)b | 6.9 (1.8)c | F(63) = 34.91*** |
| PCL–R Antisocial | 0.3 (0.6)a | 5.8 (2.1)b | 8.6 (1.4)c | F(63) = 134.60*** |
| CD symptoms Counts | 0.7(1.2)a | 4.4 (2.8)b | 7.6 (3.4)a | F(63) = 32.60*** |
| Age at first violent convictions | n/a | 23.4 (8.1)a | 16.8 (3.3)b | t' (43) = −3.75** |
| Number of violent convictions | n/a | 4.7 (3.4) | 6.9 (5.2) | t(43) = 1.70# |
| RPAQ Aggression total | 7.3 (3.4)a | 17.4 (9.1)b | 22.3 (11.3)b | F(62) = 15.90*** |
| Proactive aggression | 2.3 (3.3)a | 8.4 (5.4)b | 12.5 (7.1)c | F(62) = 17.66*** |
| Reactive aggression | 4.9 (3.1)a | 9.0 (5.8)b | 11.5 (6.5)b | F(62) = 7.49** |
| % Alcohol | ||||
| Abuse | 11.8 | 25.0 | 26.7 | χ2(2) = 1.39 |
| Dependence | 5.9a | 39.3b | 26.7b | χ2(2) = 6.04* |
| % Cannabis | ||||
| Abuse | 5.9 | 14.3 | 13.3 | χ2(2) = .78 |
| Dependence | 11.8 | 32.0 | 25.0 | χ2(2) = 2.27 |
| % Cocaine | ||||
| Abuse | 0 | 0 | 6.7 | χ2(2) = 3.05 |
| Dependence | 0 | 20.0 | 25.0 | χ2(2) = 4.48 |
| % Stimulants | ||||
| Abuse | 0 | 3.6 | 0 | χ2(2) = 1.16 |
| Dependence | 0 | 4.2 | 0 | χ2(2) = 1.23 |
| % Sedatives | ||||
| Abuse | 0 | 3.6 | 0 | χ2(2) = 1.16 |
| Dependence | 0 | 4.0 | 0 | χ2(2) = 1.18 |
| % Opioid | ||||
| Abuse | 0 | 3.6 | 13.3 | χ2(2) = 3.21 |
| Dependence | 0 | 12.0 | 8.3 | χ2(2) = 2.14 |
| % Hallucinogenics | ||||
| Abuse | 0 | 7.1 | 0 | χ2(2) = 2.37 |
| Dependence | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
Note. Unless otherwise stated, means are presented with standard deviations in parentheses for each group. Means with different superscripts within each row indicate a significant difference. PD = Personality Disorder; ASPD–P = Antisocial Personality Disorder without Psychopathy; ASPD+P = Antisocial Personality Disorder with Psychopathy; n/a = Not Applicable; PCL–R = Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (Hare, 2003); RPAQ = Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (Raine et al., 2006). One offender with ASPD–P did not complete the RPAQ Aggression Questionnaire.
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p<.10. ** p<.01. *** p<.001.