Table 1.

Summary statistics of genetic variability of major red fox mtDNA control region lineages

Geographic region, mtDNA lineage	n	S	NH	Hd	π	Fu’s FS
All samples	729	95	175	0.948 +/− 0.005	0.057 +/− 0.028	−23.363***
Holarctic lineage	405	67	131	0.964 +/− 0.004	0.047 +/− 0.024	−23.701***
Japan, Hokkaido II	6	3	3	0.600 +/− 0.215	0.003 +/− 0.003	−0.189*
Japan, Honshu/Kyushu	29	5	6	0.517 +/− 0.106	0.003 +/− 0.003	−1.295**
North America, Nearctic lineage	289	34	35	0.742 +/− 0.026	0.019 +/− 0.010	−4.347***
North America, eastern lineage	72	9	8	0.678 +/− 0.050	0.003 +/− 0.002	−2.423**
North America, mountain lineage	186	20	18	0.429 +/− 0.046	0.006 +/− 0.004	−6.295***
North America, widespread lineage	31	13	9	0.847 +/− 0.036	0.022 +/− 0.012	2.886

n sample size (number of individuals), S number of segregating sites, N_H number of distinct haplotypes, Hd haplotype diversity, π nucleotide diversity, and Fu’s F_S, an indicator of population expansion (when negative and significant). Asterisks indicate significance level (*p ≤ 0.02; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001).