Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariate (Model 2) relationships between neighbourhood-level characteristics and physical inactivity in Canadian youth (N = 6,626)
| |
% Exposed |
% Physically inactive |
Bivariate model |
Multivariate model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) * | |||
|
Walkability score |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (least walkable) |
25.4 |
23.6 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
24.4 |
26.6 |
1.32 (1.09-1.57) |
1.28 (1.06-1.52) |
| 3 |
25.1 |
29.0 |
1.27 (1.06-1.48) |
1.21 (1.01-1.42) |
| 4 (most walkable) |
25.1 |
28.8 |
1.41 (1.18-1.64) |
1.32 (1.10-1.56) |
| P trend |
|
.0002 |
.001 |
.011 |
|
Outdoor play areas |
|
|
|
|
|
Yards at home |
|
|
|
|
| 4 (most) |
32.2 |
25.5 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 3 |
18.0 |
24.1 |
0.87 (0.69-1.09) |
0.86 (0.69-1.09) |
| 2 |
23.9 |
28.3 |
1.16 (0.97-1.37) |
1.17 (0.98-1.39) |
| 1 (least) |
26.0 |
29.6 |
1.17 (0.97-1.39) |
1.13 (0.92-1.36) |
| P trend |
|
.001 |
.024 |
.066 |
|
Density of cul-de-sacs |
|
|
|
|
| 4 (most) |
25.2 |
24.9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 3 |
23.7 |
26.6 |
1.15 (0.93-1.39) |
1.17 (0.96-1.40) |
| 2 |
25.1 |
29.0 |
1.24 (1.01-1.48) |
1.23 (1.01-1.47) |
| 1 (least) |
26.1 |
27.4 |
1.25 (1.01-1.51) |
1.27 (1.04-1.52) |
| P trend |
|
.039 |
.026 |
.019 |
|
Park space |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (least) |
25.0 |
21.6 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
24.9 |
28.0 |
1.45 (1.19-1.71) |
1.42 (1.17-1.68) |
| 3 |
25.2 |
29.0 |
1.50 (1.27-1.75) |
1.43 (1.20-1.67) |
| 4 (most) |
24.9 |
29.4 |
1.43 (1.19-1.69) |
1.33 (1.09-1.58) |
| P trend |
|
<.0001 |
.002 |
.025 |
|
Wooded areas |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (most) |
20.0 |
25.8 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
20.0 |
26.5 |
1.07 (0.83-1.35) |
1.06 (0.83-1.34) |
| 3 |
20.0 |
29.4 |
1.19 (0.96-1.45) |
1.17 (0.94-1.42) |
| 4 (none) |
40.1 |
26.7 |
1.18 (0.96-1.43) |
1.11 (0.89-1.35) |
| P trend |
|
.929 |
.094 |
.365 |
|
Recreation facility density |
|
|
|
|
| 4 (most) |
25.0 |
26.0 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 3 |
26.4 |
26.4 |
1.17 (0.96-1.41) |
1.17 (0.96-1.41) |
| 2 |
25.6 |
29.0 |
1.02 (0.83-1.24) |
1.08 (0.88-1.29) |
| 1 (least) |
23.1 |
27.4 |
0.95 (0.75-1.16) |
0.99 (0.81-1.21) |
| P trend |
|
.078 |
.322 |
.724 |
|
Aesthetics |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (best) |
24.8 |
24.5 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
24.7 |
25.7 |
0.96 (0.78-1.18) |
0.96 (0.78-1.18) |
| 3 |
25.0 |
25.6 |
0.94 (0.76-1.15) |
0.88 (0.70-1.07) |
| 4 (worst) |
25.6 |
32.1 |
1.28 (1.08-1.49) |
1.16 (0.97-1.36) |
| P trend |
|
<.0001 |
.006 |
.158 |
|
Socioeconomic status |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (highest) |
24.7 |
23.5 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
25.2 |
27.7 |
1.16 (0.95-1.41) |
1.10 (0.89-1.34) |
| 3 |
24.8 |
28.1 |
1.18 (0.96-1.41) |
1.08 (0.88-1.30) |
| 4 (lowest) |
25.2 |
28.6 |
1.15 (0.95-1.39) |
1.12 (0.92-1.34) |
| P trend |
|
.0014 |
.171 |
.158 |
|
Average temperature |
|
|
|
|
| 4 (highest) |
24.2 |
26.9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 3 |
27.3 |
24.3 |
0.86 (0.69-1.05) |
0.82 (0.67-1.00) |
| 2 |
23.8 |
28.7 |
1.02 (0.83-1.23) |
1.06 (0.88-1.26) |
| 1 (lowest) |
24.7 |
28.4 |
1.09 (0.88-1.32) |
1.14 (0.93-1.37) |
| P trend |
|
.060 |
.164 |
.081 |
|
Average precipitation |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (least) |
22.9 |
27.7 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
26.3 |
23.1 |
0.96 (0.73-1.25) |
0.97 (0.73-1.26) |
| 3 |
23.3 |
29.9 |
1.13 (0.91-1.38) |
1.13 (0.91-1.38) |
| 4 (most) |
27.4 |
27.7 |
1.09 (0.85-1.36) |
1.13 (0.89-1.40) |
| P trend |
|
.150 |
.213 |
.118 |
|
Population density |
|
|
|
|
| 1 (lowest) |
24.9 |
23.9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 2 |
25.1 |
26.4 |
1.12 (0.86-1.41) |
1.14 (0.89-1.43) |
| 3 |
24.7 |
28.0 |
1.18 (0.96-1.42) |
1.16 (0.95-1.39) |
| 4 (highest) |
25.3 |
29.6 |
1.26 (1.04-1.50) |
1.14 (0.94-1.37) |
| P trend | <.0001 | .017 | .197 |
RR (95% CI) = relative risk (95% confidence interval).
* RR estimates for neighbourhood-level variables in multivariate model 2 are adjusted for individual-level covariates (gender, age, race, family socioeconomic status).