Table 2.

Rates and Hazard Ratios^* (95% CI) or Rate Ratios^† (95% CI) for Healthcare Utilization by Severity of Depression

	Severity of Depressive Symptoms
	None-Minimal	Mild	Moderate-Severe	P for trend
Hospitalizations
Rate‡	1.05	1.23	2.04
Crude	1.00 (ref)	1.20 (0.91–1.59)	1.90 (1.36–2.64)	<0.001
Fully-Adjusted§	1.00 (ref)	1.16 (0.88– 1.53)	1.79 (1.30– 2.47)	0.001
Emergency Department Visits
Rate‡	1.43	1.93	2.66
Crude	1.00 (ref)	1.36 (1.02–1.82)	1.83 (1.36–2.46)	<0.001
Fully-Adjusted§	1.00 (ref)	1.35 (1.00– 1.83)	1.83 (1.34–2.50)	<0.001
Outpatient Visits
Rate‡	23.46	25.66	28.37
Crude	1.00 (ref)	1.05 (0.90–1.23)	1.24 (1.03– 1.50)	0.029
Fully-Adjusted§	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (0.89–1.21)	1.20 (1.00– 1.45)	0.068

^*For hospitalizations and emergency department visits.

^†For outpatient visits.

^‡Crude event rate per person-year.

^§Adjusted for: age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, and incident vs. prevalent HF status.

Outpatient Visits exclude psychiatric care, tests, imaging, and outpatient procedures.