Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, HIV Prevalence, and Risk Factors for Men Who Have Sex With Men in 61 Cities in China
| Characteristics | Subjects, No. (%) | HIV Cases, No. (%) | Prevalence (CI)a | Unadjusted ORb (CI) | Adjusted OR (CI) | Adjusted P Valueb,c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18–24 | 20 454 (43.3) | 774 (33.4) | 3.8 (3.5–4.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 25–29 | 9377 (19.9) | 478 (20.7) | 5.1 (4.7–5.5) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | <.0001 |
| 30–34 | 6574 (13.9) | 404 (17.5) | 6.1 (5.6–6.7) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | <.0001 |
| 35–39 | 4419 (9.4) | 247 (10.7) | 5.6 (4.9–6.3) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | .0003 |
| 40–49 | 4654 (9.9) | 293 (12.7) | 6.3 (5.6–7.0) | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <.0001 |
| 50–69 | 1182 (2.5) | 90 (3.9) | 7.6 (6.1–9.1) | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) | 1.9 (1.5–2.5) | <.0001 |
| Refused/missing | 571 (1.2) | 28 (1.2) | … | … | … | … |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 34 784 (73.6) | 1588 (68.6) | 4.6 (4.3–4.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Married | 9592 (20.3) | 507 (21.9) | 5.3 (4.8–5.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | .93 (.79–1.1) | .3758 |
| Live with a partner (male/female) | 645 (1.4) | 31 (1.3) | 4.8 (3.2–6.5) | 1.1 (.76–1.6) | .84 (.55–1.3) | .4246 |
| Divorced/widowed | 2200 (4.7) | 188 (8.1) | 8.5 (7.4–9.7) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 1.3 (1.04–1.6) | .0156 |
| Refused/missing | 10 (0.02) | 0 (0) | … | … | … | … |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Han Chinese | 43 635 (92.4) | 2148 (92.8) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Other | 355 (7.5) | 165 (7.1) | 4.6 (4.0–5.3) | 1.1 (.94–1.3) | 1.1 (.88–1.3) | .5449 |
| Refused/missing | 42 (0.09) | 1 (0.04) | … | … | … | … |
| Highest education | ||||||
| Junior high | 9959 (21.1) | 593 (25.6) | 6.0 (5.5–6.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| Senior high | 16 666 (35.2) | 852 (36.8) | 5.1 (4.8–5.4) | .84 (.75–.94) | .98 (.87–1.1) | .7301 |
| College or higher | 20 592 (43.6) | 868 (37.5) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | .60 (.54–.67) | .77 (.68–.88) | <.0001 |
| Refused/missing | 14 (0.03) | 1 (0.04) | … | … | … | … |
| Household registration | ||||||
| Local resident | 26 607 (56.3) | 1060 (45.8) | 4.0 (3.7–4.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Non–local resident | 20 601 (43.6) | 1253 (54.1) | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | <.0001 |
| Refused/missing | 23 (0.05) | 1 (0.04) | … | … | … | … |
| Syphilis infection status | ||||||
| Negative | 41 679 (88.2) | 1621 (70.1) | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Positive | 5552 (11.8) | 693 (29.9) | 12.5 (11.6–13.4) | 3.6 (3.3–4.0) | 3.3 (3.0–3.7) | <.0001 |
| Sexual behavior in the past 6 mo | ||||||
| Venues for finding sex partners | ||||||
| Bars/tea houses/dance halls | 10 380 (22.0) | 443 (19.1) | 4.3 (3.9–4.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Public bathhouses/saunas | 6436 (13.6) | 475 (20.5) | 7.4 (6.7–8.0) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | <.0001 |
| Parks | 5461 (11.6) | 214 (9.2) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 1.1 (.89–1.3) | .86 (.71–1.04) | .1269 |
| Internet sites | 21 444 (45.4) | 973 (42.0) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | .9 (.8–1.1) | 1.0 (.87–1.1) | .9753 |
| Other | 2681 (5.7) | 173 (7.5) | 6.7 (5.7–7.4) | 1.1 (.91–1.3) | 1.2 (1.00–1.5) | .04466 |
| Refused/missing | 829 (1.7) | 36 (1.6) | … | … | … | … |
| Buy male sex | ||||||
| No | 44 541 (94.3) | 2185 (94.4) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 2543 (5.4) | 117 (5.1) | 4.6 (3.8–5.4) | 1.1 (.90–1.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | .0082 |
| Refused/missing | 147 (0.31) | 12 (0.52) | … | … | … | … |
| Sell sex to a male | ||||||
| No | 42 732 (90.5) | 2102 (90.8) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 4358 (9.2) | 203 (8.8) | 4.7 (4.0–5.3) | 1.1 (.92–1.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | .0012 |
| Refused/missing | 141 (0.30) | 9 (0.39) | … | … | … | … |
| No. of male sex partners | ||||||
| 0 | 5886 (12.5) | 215 (9.3) | 3.7 (3.2–4.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 1 | 13 421 (28.4) | 502 (21.7) | 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 1.0 (.88–1.2) | 1.1 (.90–1.3) | .3781 |
| 2–10 | 22 370 (47.4) | 1274 (55.1) | 5.7 (5.4–6.0) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | <.0001 |
| >10 | 2372 (5.0) | 155 (6.7) | 6.5 (5.5–7.5) | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | .0001 |
| Refused/missing | 3182 (6.7) | 168 (7.3) | … | … | … | … |
| Consistent condom use with male partners | ||||||
| No | 24 107 (51.0) | 1402 (60.6) | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 16 720 (35.4) | 669 (28.9) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | .66 (.60–.72) | .71 (.64–.79) | <.0001 |
| No sex in past 6 mo | 5886 (12.5) | 215 (9.3) | 3.7 (3.2–4.1) | .60 (.51–.70) | .65 (.55–.76) | <.0001 |
| Refused/missing | 518 (1.1) | 28 (1.2) | … | … | … | … |
| No. of female sex partners | ||||||
| 0 | 35 495 (75.2) | 1800 (77.8) | 5.3 (5.1–5.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 1 | 8401 (17.8) | 383 (16.6) | 4.8 (4.3–5.2) | 1.0 (.86–1.1) | .86 (.75–.98) | .0415 |
| ≥2 | 2699 (5.7) | 106 (4.6) | 4.1 (3.3–4.9) | .74 (.61–.91) | .70 (.56–.88) | .0022 |
| Refused/missing | 636 (1.3) | 25 (1.1) | … | … | … | … |
| Study design | ||||||
| Sampling method | ||||||
| Snowball | 43 437 (92.0) | 2047 (88.5) | 4.7 (4.5–4.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| RDS | 3794 (8.0) | 267 (11.5) | 7.0 (6.2–7.8) | 1.1 (.97–1.4) | 1.1 (.94–1.4) | .2192 |
| City-level characteristics | ||||||
| Administrative level | ||||||
| Directly under central government | 6051 (12.8) | 562 (24.3) | 9.3 (8.6–10.0) | 3.3 (1.5–7.3) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7) | .0092 |
| Province capital | 23 422 (49.6) | 1167 (50.4) | 5.0 (4.7–5.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | .1198 |
| Other cities | 17 758 (37.6) | 585 (25.3) | 3.3 (3.0–3.6) | 1.0 | ||
| Overall | 47 231 (100) | 2314 (100) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | … | … | … |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; RDS, respondent-driven sampling.
a CIs are 95% CIs in all cases and were calculated by approximating the binomial distribution with a normal distribution.
b ORs and P values were calculated by using a multilevel logistic regression model.
c P values are 2-sided in all cases.