Table 1. General characteristics of the study population.
| MetS Status | UACR quartiles | ||||||
| Non MetS | MetS | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P trend | |
| (n = 6083) | (n = 3496) | (n = 2396) | (n = 2394) | (n = 2399) | (n = 2390) | ||
| UACR (mg/g) | 4.21(2.53–7.07) | 5.29(3.06–9.32) * | 1.86(1.39–2.28) | 3.58(3.13–4.34) | 5.89(5.02–7.00) | 12.29(9.48–22.37) | - |
| Male, n(%) | 2571(42.3) | 1137(32.5) * | 929(38.8) | 923(38.6) | 932(38.9) | 924(38.7) | 0.9428 |
| Age (years) | 57.7±9.8 | 59.4±9.1* | 57.4±9.3 | 57.2±89.2 | 58.4±9.4 | 60.2±9.9 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking, n(%) | 1391(22.9) | 593(17.0) * | 457(19.1) | 500(20.9) | 538(22.4) | 489(20.5) | 0.1231 |
| Current drinking, n(%) | 657(10.8) | 299(8.6) # | 231(9.6) | 235(9.8) | 236(9.8) | 254(10.6) | 0.2769 |
| High level of leisure-time physical activity, n(%) | 2838(46.7) | 1821(52.1) * | 1166(48.7) | 1138(47.5) | 1191(49.7) | 1164(48.7) | 0.6258 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0±2.89 | 26.9±2.9 * | 24.8±3.2 | 24.8±3.2 | 25.1±3.1 | 25.6±3.4 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.4±8.1 | 87.9±7.6 * | 81.7±8.7 | 81.8±8.7 | 82.6±8.7 | 83.9±9.4 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 135.9±19.3 | 147.9±17.8 | 137.4±19.1 | 137.4±19.5 | 140.4±19.0 | 145.8±19.9 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.7±9.9 | 85.7±9.8 * | 82.0±9.8 | 81.5±10.1 | 82.7±10.1 | 84.0±10.6 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.12(0.85–1.46) | 2.03(1.58–2.74) * | 1.33(0.96–1.85) | 1.36(0.95–1.91) | 1.36(0.99–1.94) | 1.43(0.99–2.07) | <0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.25±0.94 | 5.47±1.11 * | 5.36±0.99 | 5.30±0.98 | 5.30±1.01 | 5.37±1.04 | 0.7076 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.43±0.31 | 1.14±0.25 * | 1.35±0.31 | 1.33±0.31 | 1.32±0.32 | 1.31±0.33 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.13±0.81 | 3.29±0.92 * | 3.21±0.85 | 3.19±0.85 | 3.15±0.84 | 3.20±0.89 | 0.5810 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.18±0.97 | 6.05±1.82 * | 5.38±1.15 | 5.34±1.19 | 5.46±1.24 | 5.81±1.88 | <0.0001 |
| OGTT-2 h PG (mmol/L) | 7.03±3.04 | 9.99±5.00 * | 7.67±3.60 | 7.73±3.71 | 8.00±3.87 | 9.05±5.03 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.28(0.88–1.82) | 2.42(1.67–3.53) * | 1.56(1.10–2.32) | 1.49(1.00–2.27) | 1.57(0.99–2.45) | 1.78(1.13–2.76) | 0.0336 |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 5.70(4.00–7.90) | 9.50(6.80–13.00) * | 6.80(4.90–9.46) | 6.52(4.40–9.50) | 6.73(4.40–9.90) | 7.30(4.80–10.80) | 0.0035 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16.8(13.0–22.6) | 21.0(15.5–29.7) * | 17.6(13.3–24.2) | 17.7(13.5–24.3) | 18.0(13.7–25.6) | 18.7(14.5–26.7) | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.2(18.1–25.0) | 21.8(18.6–26.4) * | 21.2(18.3–25.1) | 21.2(18.1–24.9) | 21.5(18.2–25.8) | 22.0(18.5–26.2) | <0.0001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 19.0(14.0–29.0) | 26.0(19.0–42.0) * | 20.0(14.0–31.0) | 21.0(14.0–32.0) | 22.0(15.0–35.0) | 24.0(16.0–39.0) | <0.0001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 48.6±2.4 | 48.9±2.3 * | 48.8±2.4 | 48.7±2.3 | 48.8±2.3 | 48.8±2.5 | 0.3212 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 134.1±23.8 | 131.9±25.9* | 129.2±23.0 | 132.2±22.5 | 135.4±24.9 | 136.3±27.3 | <0.0001 |
Data were means±SD or medians (interquartile range) for skewed variables, or proportions for categorical variables;
P<0.0001 comparing to Non MetS group; #: P<0.001 comparing to Non MetS group;
P trend was calculated from CMH chi-square tests for categorical variables and linear regression analysis for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT-2 h PG, OGTT 2-hour plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FINS, fasting serum insulin; ALT, aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; ALB, albumin; eGFR, estimate glomerular filtration rate;
Because of the statistical difference in UACR values between male and female, the study population was divided into four groups by sex-specific UACR quartiles.
(UACR quartiles cut-off points for male: 0 mg/g<Q1<2.28 mg/g, 2.28 mg/g ≤Q2<3.67 mg/g, 3.67 mg/g≤Q3<6.21 mg/g, 6.21 mg/g≤Q4<30.00 mg/g; and for female: 0 mg/g<Q1<3.09 mg/g, 3.09m g/g ≤Q2<5.22 mg/g, 5.22 mg/g≤Q3<8.81 mg/g, 8.81 mg/g≤Q4<30.00 mg/g).