Table 1.

Recent Examples of Topographical Features and Methods of Topography Modification Used to Achieve Enhanced Endothelialization on Vascular Prosthetics

Author	Feature(s)	Method	Result
Dickinson et al.112	Micropillars	Lithography	Micropillars >3 μm significantly decrease EC adhesion and spreading; 1-μm high fibronectin micropillars promoted EC adhesion and alignment
Le Saux et al.119	Nano- to microscaled pyramids	Chemical etching	Only microscaled pyramids inhibited EC migration when present with low RGD density on surface; size of pyramids appeared to control EC adhesion, while RGD density controlled cell spreading
Wu et al.132	Nanofiber alignment	Electrospinning	Directed EC alignment on scaffold
Pareta et al.140	Nanoroughness and surface energy	Plasma deposition	Increased EC adhesion until optimal surface energy and nanoroughness reached followed by decrease in EC adhesion
Ranjan et al.111	Micropatterned nanoroughness	Vapor deposition and mold casting	EC function enhanced on a patterned surface with widest spacing and greatest surface area of nanoroughness, compared to narrower spacing and nonpatterned surface

EC, endothelial cells.