Table 2.

Recent Examples of Molecules and Methods of Immobilization Used to Achieve Enhanced Endothelialization

Author	Biofunctionalization molecule	Immobilization method	Model	Effects
Shin et al.84	VEGF	PDA/Dipping	In vitro	VEGF did not produce significantly more HUVEC adhesion than PDA alone; VEGF did support increased CD31 expression
Du et al.108	Hyaluronic acid	Covalently bound	In vitro	Increased HUVEC attachment
Yin et al.63	Anti-CD34	3,4-dihydroxyphenyalinine and l-lysine co-polypeptide linking	In vitro	Attachment and growth of ECs and EPCs increased
Kuwabara et al.79	CAG peptide	Mixed into PCL solution for electrospinning fibers	Rat	Higher rate of confluent endothelialization of grafts
De Visscher et al.43	SDF-1α	Immersed in fibronectin solution, followed by SDF-1α immersion	Sheep	Four times higher fraction of CD34+ cells adhered; all grafts patent after 3 months
Williams et al.73	Laminin type 1	Covalently bound	Rat	Accelerated neovascularization and endothelialization
Zheng et al.77	Nap-FFGRGD	Molecular self-assembly of a hydrogelator75	Rabbit	Threefold increase in endothelial coverage; 100% patency at 2 and 4 weeks compared to 60% patency in uncoated grafts

ECs, endothelial cells; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; PDA, poly(dopamine), VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; CAG, cysteine-alanine-glycine; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor; PCL, poly(caprolactone).