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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 22.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2011 Aug 22;42(3):533–543. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711001565

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Mean+S.E. (a) Fear-potentiated startle during the late acquisition phase across conditioned stimulus (CS) type and group. Startle was higher during the reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS+) than the non-reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS−) in both groups. The traumatized group with post-traumatic stress disorder (■, PTSD) had increased startle to the CS+ compared with the traumatized Control group (□). Fear-potentiated startle was defined as the difference score between the startle magnitude to the CS minus startle magnitude to noise alone. (b) Fear-potentiated startle to the CS+ during extinction across phase and group. Startle decreased over the three phases of extinction in both groups. Startle was higher during the early and middle extinction phases in the PTSD+ group compared with the traumatized Control group. Fear-potentiated startle was defined as the difference score between the startle magnitude to the CS minus startle magnitude to noise alone. * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.