Table 1.
Isolated microcystin degrading Bacteria.
| Bacteria | Source | 16S rRNA gene GenBank accession number |
Degradable analogues | MC-degrading genes | Degradation of other toxins | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinobacteria | ||||||
| Arthrobacter sp. | Surface water | FN392690, FN392691, FN392693, FN392694, FN392695, FN392696 | MCLR, MCRR, MCLF | — | NOD | [30] |
| Brevibacterium sp. | Surface water | FN392692 | MCLR, MCRR, MCLF | — | NOD | [30] |
| Rhodococcus sp. | Surface water | FN392688, FN392689 | MCLR, MCRR, MCLF | — | NOD | [30] |
| Microbacterium sp. | Lake water | — | MCLR | Unknown | [31] | |
| Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and 420 | Probiotic strains | — | MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW | Unknown | CYN | [32, 33] |
| Bifidobacterium longum 46 | Probiotic strains | — | MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW | Unknown | CYN | [32, 33] |
| Firmicutes | ||||||
| Bacillus sp. EMB/JSEM1 | Artificial media | FJ526332 | MCLR, MCRR | mlrA | [34] | |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and LC-705 | Probiotic strains | AY370682 | MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW | Unknown | CYN | [32, 33] |
| α-Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Sphingomonas sp. ACM-3962 or MJ-PV | Surface water | AF411072 | MCLR, MCRR |
mlrA
mlrB mlrC mlrD |
[35] | |
| Sphingomonas sp. 7CY | Lake water | AB076083 | Unknown | [36] | ||
| Sphingomonas sp. B9 | Lake water | AB159609 | MCLR, MCRR, NOD | Unknown | NOD | |
| Sphingomonas sp. CBA4 | AY920497 | Unknown | [37] | |||
| Sphingomonas sp. MD-1 | Lake water | AB110635 | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR | mlrA | [27, 38] | |
| Sphingomonas sp. MDB2 (Sphingosinicella sp.) | Lake water | AB219940 | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR | Unknown | [39] | |
| Sphingomonas sp. MDB3 (Sphingosinicella sp.) | Lake water | AB219941 | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR | Unknown | [39] | |
|
Sphingomonas sp. Y2 (Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans) |
Lake water | NR_040927/AB084247 | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR | mlrA | [40] | |
| Sphingomonas stygia | Lake water | — | MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR | Unknown | [38] | |
| Sphingopyxis sp. LH21 | Biological sand filter | DQ112242 | MCLR, MCLA |
mlrA
mlrB mlrC mlrD |
[41–43] | |
| Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 | — | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR, MCLA | mlrA | [44–46] | ||
| Sphingopyxis sp. TT25 | Reservoir water | JQ398614 | MCLR, MCRR, MCYR, MCLA | mlrA | [28] | |
| Sphingomonas sp. NV3 | Lake water | JN256930 | Unknown | mlrA | Unpublished | |
| Novosphingobium sp. THN1 | Lake water | HQ664117 | MCLR |
mlrA
mlrB mlrC mlrD |
[47] | |
| Sphingopyxis sp. C-1 | Water bloom | AB161684 | MCLR | mlrA | [48] | |
| Rhizobium gallicum | Lake water | — | MCLR | Unknown | [49] | |
| β-Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Burkholderia sp. | Surface water | DQ459360 | MCLR | Unknown | [50] | |
| Methylobacillus sp. J10 | Sludge from Cyanobacteria salvaged yard | FJ418599 | MCLR, MCRR | — | [51] | |
| Paucibacter toxinivorans | Lake sediment | NR_042941 | MCLR, MCYR, NOD | — | [52] | |
| Ralstonia solanacearum | — | — | [53] | |||
| γ-Proteobacteria | — | — | ||||
| Morganella morganii | Lake water active anthracite biofilter |
— | MCLR | — | NOD | [24] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Lake water | — | MCLR | — | [54] | |
| Stenotrophomonas sp. EMS | Lake water | — | MCLR, MCRR | mlrA | [29] |
CYN: cylindrospermopsin, NOD: nodularin, MC: microcystin, A: alanine, F: phenylalanine, L: leucine, R: arginine, Y: tyrosine, W: tryptophan, mlr: mycrocystinase gene.