Table 1.
Antibiotics used in food animal production, antibiotic resistance genes families, and related antibiotics used in humans.
| Antibiotic class | Antibiotic resistance genes (number of variants | Name of antibiotic | Animal use | Related antibiotic in humans |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | blaampC (111), blaCTX (124), blaOXA (204), blaOXY (25), blaSHV (102), blaTEM (150) | Amoxicillin, ampicillin | Treatment of swine and bovine | Amoxicillin, other penicillins |
| Glycopeptides | van gene clusters (7) | Ardacin*, avoparcin* | GP (bovine) | Teicoplanin, vancomycin |
| Polypeptide | NA | Colistin | GP (poultry) | Colistin, polymyxin B |
| Macrolides | car (2), cfr (2), erm (30), ole (2), srm, tlr (2) | Carbomycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin*, tylosin* | GP (poultry, swine) and treatment | Erythromycin, other macrolides |
| Streptogramins | vga (4), vat (7) | Virginiamycin* | GP (poultry, swine) | Quinupristin+dalfopristin |
| Fluoroquinolones | qnr (60), qep (2), nor | Enrofloxacin, flumequine | Treatment | All quinolones |
| Aminoglycosides | aac (67), aad (28), aph(32), str(2) | Gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin | GP (poultry, swine) and treatment | All aminoglycosides |
| Sulfonamides | sul (3) | Sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine | GP (swine, chicken) and treatment | All sulfonamides |
| Tetracyclines | tet (44) | Oxytetracycline*, chlortetracycline* | GP (poultry, swine) and treatment | All tetracyclines |
GP, growth promoter; EU, European Union; NA, not available.*Banned for growth promotion in the EU.