Table 5.
Mean (±SEM) concentrations of carotenoids, α-tocopherol, and retinol in the brain (average of cerebellum, frontal, occipital, and temporal cortices) based on premortem GDRS scores in decedents with normal cognitive function (GDRS = 1), subjective mild memory loss (GDRS = 2), and mild cognitive impairment (GDRS = 3).
| pmol/g | Global deterioration scale (GDRS)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 5) | 2 (n = 7) | 3 (n = 11) | |
| Lutein, trans | 133 ± 21b | 124 ± 17b,c | 67 ± 14c |
| Total lutein (cis + trans) | 145 ± 22b | 127 ± 18b,c | 68 ± 15c |
| Zeaxanthin, trans | 45.0 ± 7.5 | 43.1 ± 6.3 | 25.9 ± 5.0 |
| Cryptoxanthin | 90.1 ± 22.4 | 63.2 ± 19.0 | 57.2 ± 15.1 |
| β-Carotene, trans | 77.6 ± 10.5b | 48.0 ± 8.9b,c | 39.5 ± 7.1c |
| Lycopene, trans | 37.0 ± 9.0 | 26.1 ± 7.6 | 16.4 ± 6.1 |
| γ-Tocopherol | 1609 ± 370 | 2129 ± 313 | 1518 ± 249 |
| α-Tocopherol | 67408 ± 5295 | 63205 ± 4475 | 60028 ± 3570 |
| Retinol | 572 ± 109 | 530 ± 92 | 691 ± 74 |
aGDRS = 1: no subjective complaints or objective evidence of memory deficits; GDRS = 2: subject complaints, but no objective evidence of memory deficits; GDRS = 3: mild cognitive impairment.
Means not sharing a common superscript in the same row are significantly different at P < 0.05 (univariate ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons).