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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Dec 6;61(6):605–611.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.10.026

Table 2.

Adjusted association between high ED crowding and patient outcomes.*

Inpatient Mortality,
N=995,358
 Length of Stay,
N=995,358
 Costs,
N=844,219†
Variables OR 95% CI Ratio 95% CI Ratio 95% CI
High ED crowding 1.05 1.02–1.08 1.008 1.005–1.012 1.011 1.007–1.015
Selected covariates
 Age (in 5 y) 1.15 1.14–1.15 1.01 1.009–1.010 0.994 0.994–0.995
 Male 1.04 1.01–1.06 0.995 0.992–0.998 1.037 1.033–1.040
 Nonwhite 0.95 0.92–0.98 1.01 1.007–1.014 1.004 1.000–1.008
*

All models include primary discharge diagnosis and 30 comorbidities. See Appendix E1 (available online at http://www.annemergmed.com) for full mortality model results.

†

A subset of integrated health system and county hospitals is exempt from costs reporting.