Table 1.

Maternal and pregnancy characteristics of gastroschisis cases and controls participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention study, 1997-2007

	Gastroschisis cases			(n=941)	Non-malformed controls (n=8339)
Maternal age (years)	< 25 n	%	≥ 25 n	%	< 25 n	%	≥ 25 n	%
TOTAL	742	78.9	199	21.1	2772	33.2	5567	66.8
Maternal age at delivery
13-19 years	363	48.9	0	0.0	856	30.9	0	0.0
20-24 years	379	51.1	0	0.0	1916	69.1	0	0.0
25-29 years	0	0.0	136	68.3	0	0.0	2290	41.1
30-50 years	0	0.0	63	31.7	0	0.0	3277	58.9
Maternal race
Non-Hispanic White	361	48.7	122	61.3	1282	46.2	3664	65.8
Non-Hispanic Black	59	8.0	15	7.5	438	15.8	493	8.9
Hispanic	252	34.0	49	24.6	889	32.1	1032	18.5
Asian/Pacific Islander	26	3.5	4	2.0	40	1.4	205	3.7
Native American	7	0.9	0	0.0	18	0.6	24	0.4
Other a	37	5.0	9	4.5	105	3.8	147	2.6
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Underweight (12 to  <18.5)	73	9.8	7	3.5	229	8.3	204	3.7
Normal (18.5 to <25)	479	64.6	122	61.3	1331	48.0	2781	50.0
Overweight/obese  (≥25 )	170	22.9	65	32.7	1058	38.2	2395	43.0
Missing	20	2.7	5	2.5	154	5.6	187	3.4
Periconceptional smoking
Yes	260	35.0	74	37.2	763	27.5	777	14.0
No b	482	65.0	125	62.8	2005	72.3	4789	86.0
Illicit drug use before or during pregnancy
Yes	177	23.9	36	18.1	415	15.0	520	9.3
No	565	76.1	163	81.9	2357	85.0	5047	90.7
Self-reported genital herpes
Yes	13	1.8	9	4.5	28	1.0	70	1.3
No	729	98.2	190	95.5	2744	99.0	5497	98.7
Other indicating infections c
Yes	4	0.5	0	0.0	7	0.3	10	0.2
No	738	99.5	199	100	2765	99.7	5557	99.8

^aIncludes 3 women missing maternal race information

^bIncludes 5 women missing maternal smoking information

^cIncludes oral herpes, mononucleosis and chicken pox/shingles