Fig. 5.

Ng releases HMP during growth that induces a functional cytokine response from CD4⁺ T cells. (A) IL-8 and (B) TNF-α response to a MOI = 10 of Ng or 20 μg/mL of HMP. Concentration of cytokines after 6 and 24 h was determined by Multiplex ELISA. Data are the mean of triplicate samples ± SD. *P < 0.05, ANOVA, Bonferroni. (C) Temporal induction of HIV-1 LTR induction by Ng and HMP. Jurkat 1G5 cells were infected with a MOI = 10 of Ng or treated with 20 μg/mL of HMP. HIV-1 LTR expression was quantified by luciferase assay. Data represent the fold induction of expression over untreated cells. Data are the mean of three independent experiments ± SEM. *P < 0.05 ANOVA, Newman–Keuls.