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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 24.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2012 Apr 17;156(8):541–550. doi: 10.1059/0003-4819-156-8-201204170-00001

Table 3.

Benefits and Costs of PrEP Strategies Over 20 Years – High-Risk MSM

ICER Relative to§
Strategy* New HIV
Infections
HIV
Infections
Prevented
HIV
Prevalence
at 20
Years
Total
Costs of
PrEP
(billions)
¥#
Total
Costs
(billions)¥
Total
QALYs¥
Incremental
Costs¥
(billions)
Incremental
QALYs¥
No PrEP Next
Lower
Level of
PrEP
100% of High-Risk Start PrEP 155,728 167,143 (52%) 17% $85 $272 21,628,307 $75 1,439,261 $52,443 $62,818
50% of High-Risk Start PrEP 227,686 95,185 (29%) 23% $42 $233 21,006,700 $36 817,655 $44,556 $47,803
20% of High-Risk Start PrEP 281,809 41,061 (13%) 28% $17 $210 20,541,886 $14 352,840 $40,279 $40,279
Status Quo (No PrEP) 322,871 31% $196 20,189,046
*

PrEP = preexposure prophylaxis. These strategies do not include any benefits to low-risk MSM, since we did not model mixing between high- and low-risk MSM in the high-risk analysis.

New HIV infections and HIV infections prevented are undiscounted totals. Discounting infections at 3% annually reduces the number of infections averted for each strategy by approximately 24%.

The values in parentheses are the fraction of total HIV infections prevented.

¥

Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are net present values (3% annual discount rate) over 20 years.

#

Total costs of PrEP include the cost of antiretroviral drugs for PrEP, costs of monitoring tests and physician visits, and initiation and discontinuation costs.

Incremental costs and QALYs are relative to the status quo.

§

ICER = Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, relative to the status quo of no PrEP use or the next lower level of PrEP use (i.e., the PrEP use scenario in the row below, with a lower percentage of MSM starting PrEP).