Table 6.
Differences in Analgesic Agent Use and Route of Administration, Pre- and Post-Implementation of Analgesic Protocols, and Between Study Sites
| Variable | Pre (%) | Post (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydromorphone | |||
| Overall | 46.3 | 58.0 | <0.001 |
| Site 1 | 71.9 | 63.0 | 0.008 |
| Site 2 | 20.0 | 42.2 | <0.001 |
| Site 3 | 38.8 | 64.1 | <0.001 |
| Hydromorphone and NSAIDS | |||
| Overall | 1.1 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Site 1 | 1.0 | 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Site 2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | NS |
| Site 3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | NS |
| Morphine Sulfate | |||
| Overall | 41.7 | 29.3 | <0.001 |
| Site 1 | 24.1 | 20.4 | NS |
| Site 2 | 53.5 | 53.8 | NS |
| Site 3 | 54.6 | 20.5 | <0.001 |
| Oral | |||
| Overall | 2.5 | 4.3 | 0.028 |
| Site 1 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 0.735 |
| Site 2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | NS |
| Site 3 | 4.6 | 7.4 | NS |
| Intravenous | |||
| Overall | 65.6 | 60.8 | 0.021 |
| Site 1 | 58.9 | 54.0 | NS |
| Site 2 | 98.3 | 90.2 | <0.001 |
| Site 3 | 37.1 | 47.4 | 0.007 |
| Intramuscular | |||
| Overall | 28.9 | 29.4 | 0.786 |
| Site 1 | 32.0 | 29.7 | NS |
| Site 2 | 0.9 | 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Site 3 | 57.4 | 41.9 | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous | |||
| Overall | 2.8 | 5.1 | 0.008 |
| Site 1 | 6.4 | 13.2 | 0.002 |
| Site 2 | 0.4 | 1.4 | NS |
| Site 3 | 0 | 2.2 | 0.036 |
NSAIDS = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; NS = not significant
There was an overall decrease in the use of morphine sulfate and increase in the use of hydromorphone. Sites 2 and 3 had the largest increase in the use of hydromorphone.