Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the 803 elderly people in Jinan, China.

		n*	%
Gender
	Male	278	34.6
	Female	525	65.4
Ethnicity
	Han Chinese	743	95.3
	The minoritiesa	37	4.7
Age(year)
	60-	395	49.2
	70-	320	39.9
	80-	88	11.0
Marital status
	Married	558	69.8
	Widowed/divorced	242	30.2
Educational level
	Illiteracy	176	21.9
	Elementary school	207	25.8
	Junior middle school	207	25.8
	Senior middle school	148	18.4
	College or above	65	8.1
Employment status
	Employed	16	2.0
	Retired	661	82.7
	Othersb	122	15.3
Health insurance status
	No health insurance	115	14.3
	At least one	688	85.7
Living pattern
	Living alone	112	14.0
	Living with others	689	86.0
Personal monthly income(RMB)
	0-1000	219	28.8
	1001-2000	419	55.1
	2001-3000	70	9.2
	>3000	52	6.8
Main source of income
	Themselves/spouse	694	87.6
	Children	71	9.0
	Othersc	27	3.4
Person who provide care
	Nobody	168	21.5
	Spouse	358	45.8
	Children	221	28.3
	Othersd	35	4.5

^a minority in our survey includes the Hui nationality and Manchu;

^b others include unemployed, self-employed and farmers;

^c the others include grandchildren, relatives, friends, welfare and mixed source;

^d the others include grandchildren, relatives, friends and nanny.

^* missing exists, if the sum of n is less than 803