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. 2013 Jun 26;5(6):164–174. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v5.i6.164

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Antioxidant mechanisms of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activate antioxidant genes via transcriptional regulation by binding on PPAR response element (PPRE) of promoter region of target genes. PPARs suppress nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells via interaction with p50 and p65 resulting in decreased inflammatory response and oxidative stress. PPARs suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Rac1 signaling axis via activation of PTEN resulting in decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS). RXR: Retinoid X receptor; sod: Superoxide dismutase; trx: Thioredoxin; gpx: Glutathione peroxidase; ho: Heme oxygenase.