Table 1.
Substrate profiles of APH enzymes.
| APHs | Substrate | References |
|---|---|---|
| APH(2″)-I (bifunctional enzyme) | Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, isepamicin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, lividomycin, butirosin | Ferretti et al., 1986; Daigle et al., 1999; Toth et al., 2009 |
| APH(2″)-II | Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, sisomicin, netilimicin, amikacin, isepamicin, arbekacin | Kao et al., 2000; Toth et al., 2007, 2009 |
| APH(2″)-III | Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, sisomicin, netilimicin | Chow et al., 1997; Badarau et al., 2008; Toth et al., 2009 |
| APH(2″)-IV | Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, isepamicin, arbekacin | Tsai et al., 1998; Toth et al., 2009 |
| APH(3′)-I | Kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, lividomycin | Matsuhashi et al., 1975; Oka et al., 1981; Pansegrau et al., 1987; Lee et al., 1991; Shaw et al., 1993 |
| APH(3′)-II | Kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, butirosin | Matsuhashi et al., 1975; Perlin and Lerner, 1981; Beck et al., 1982; Okazaki and Avison, 2007; Shaw et al., 1993 |
| APH(3′)-III | Kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin, isepamicin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, lividomycin, butirosin | Lambert et al., 1985; Trieu-Cuot and Courvalin, 1986 |
| APH(3′)-IV | Kanamycin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paromomycin, butirosin | Herbert et al., 1983, 1986 |
| APH(3′)-V | Kanamycin, neomycin, ribostamycin, paramomycin | Thompson and Gray, 1983; Hoshiko et al., 1988; Salauze and Davies, 1991 |
| APH(3′)-VI | Kanamycin, gentamicin, amikacin, isepamicin, neomycin, ribostamycin, praomomycin, butirosin | Lambert et al., 1988, 1990; Martin et al., 1988 |
| APH(3′)-VII | Kanamycin, amikacin, neomycin | Tenover and Elvrum, 1988 |
| APH(9)-I | Spectinomycin | Lyutzkanova et al., 1997; Suter et al., 1997 |
| APH(4)-I | Hygromycin | Gritz and Davies, 1983; Rao et al., 1983 |
| APH(7″)-I | Hygromycin | Pardo et al., 1985; Zalacain et al., 1986 |
| APH(6)-I | Streptomycin | Distler et al., 1987; Shinkawa et al., 1987; Vögtli and Hütter, 1987 |
| APH(3″)-I | Streptomycin | Heinzel et al., 1988; Ramon-Garcia et al., 2006 |