Table 3.
GP advice on diet and physical activity and status of health, lifestyle risk factors, accessing to primary health care and health self-management, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics
| |
Dietary and physical activities advice |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Characteristics |
Eating less cholesterol diet |
Eating more fruits & vegetables |
More physical activity |
|||||||
| % Diet | RR crude (95% CI) | RR adj. (95% CI)* | % FV | RR crude (95% CI) | RR adj. (95% CI)* | % PA | RR crude (95% CI) | RR adj. (95% CI)* | ||
| Demographics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gender |
Female (†) |
26.0 |
1 |
1 |
12.9 |
1 |
1 |
19.5 |
1 |
1 |
| |
Male |
27.4 |
1.06(1.02, 1.09) |
1.07(1.03, 1.11) |
19.3 |
1.50(1.43, 1.57) |
1.56(1.48, 1.63) |
20.6 |
1.06(1.02, 1.10) |
1.09(1.05, 1.14) |
| Age group |
45-59 (†) |
26.3 |
1 |
1 |
15.5 |
1 |
1 |
21.3 |
1 |
1 |
| |
60-74- |
26.8 |
1.02(0.99, 1.05) |
0.97(0.93, 1.00) |
15.6 |
1.00(0.96, 1.05) |
0.86(0.82, 0.91) |
18.5 |
0.87(0.84, 0.90) |
0.82(0.78, 0.86) |
| Country of birth |
Australia (†) |
26.4 |
1 |
1 |
14.8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
| |
Overseas |
27.1 |
1.03(0.99, 1.07) |
1.03(0.99, 1.07) |
18.2 |
1.23(1.17, 1.30) |
1.22(1.16, 1.29) |
21.3 |
1.09(1.04, 1.14) |
1.09(1.04, 1.14) |
| Rurality (ARIA+) |
Major City(†) |
27.6 |
1 |
1 |
16.9 |
1 |
1 |
22.0 |
1 |
1 |
| |
Inner Regional |
25.9 |
0.94(0.90,0.98) |
0.92(0.88,0. 96) |
14.7 |
0.87(0.82,0.93) |
0.85(0.80, 0.90) |
19.0 |
0.86(0.82,0.91) |
0.85(0.80, 0.89) |
| |
Outer/Remote |
26.8 |
0.97(0.93, 1.02) |
0.94(0.90, 0.99) |
15.2 |
0.90(0.84, 0.97) |
0.87(0.81, 0.93) |
18.3 |
0.83(0.78, 0.88) |
0.81(0.76, 0.86) |
| Socioeconomic status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Education |
Less than Year 10 |
31.5 |
1.34(1.26, 1.43) |
1.33(1.24, 1.42) |
22.7 |
1.78(1.64, 1.94) |
1.69(1.55, 1.85) |
24.6 |
1.34(1.24, 1.45) |
1.39(1.29, 1.51) |
| |
Year 10 |
28.3 |
1.21(1.15, 1.27) |
1.21(1.15, 1.28) |
16.5 |
1.30(1.21, 1.39) |
1.40(1.30, 1.50) |
21.1 |
1.15(1.08, 1.22) |
1.22(1.15, 1.30) |
| |
Year 12 |
28.0 |
1.20(1.14, 1.26) |
1.17(1.12, 1.24) |
17.9 |
1.41(1.31, 1.51) |
1.28(1.19, 1.38) |
20.3 |
1.10(1.04, 1.17) |
1.11(1.05, 1.18) |
| |
Certificate/diploma |
26.3 |
1.12(1.07, 1.18) |
1.12(1.07, 1.18) |
14.1 |
1.11(1.03, 1.18) |
1.12(1.04, 1.20) |
19.1 |
1.04(0.98, 1.10) |
1.06(1.00, 1.12) |
| |
University (†) |
23.4 |
1 |
1 |
12.7 |
1 |
1 |
18.4 |
1 |
1 |
| Household income |
<$20,000 |
29.5 |
1.18(1.11, 1.25) |
1.10(1.03, 1.18) |
21.6 |
1.54(1.42, 1.66) |
1.49(1.37, 1.61) |
23.0 |
1.15(1.08, 1.24) |
1.18(1.10, 1.28) |
| |
$20,000-$39,999 |
27.2 |
1.08(1.03, 1.14) |
1.04(0.98, 1.09) |
15.9 |
1.13(1.06, 1.21) |
1.13(1.05, 1.22) |
19.4 |
0.97(0.92, 1.03) |
1.02(0.96, 1.09) |
| |
$40,000-$59,999 |
27.1 |
1.08(1.03, 1.14) |
1.05(0.99, 1.11) |
15.2 |
1.08(1.01, 1.17) |
1.09(1.01, 1.18) |
19.3 |
0.97(0.91, 1.03) |
1.01(0.95, 1.08) |
| |
$60,000-$79,999 |
26.3 |
1.05(0.99, 1.11) |
1.03(0.97, 1.09) |
15.0 |
1.07(0.98, 1.16) |
1.07(0.99, 1.16) |
19.9 |
1.00(0.93, 1.07) |
1.02(0.95, 1.10) |
| |
$80,000+ (†) |
25.1 |
1 |
1 |
14.1 |
1 |
1 |
19.9 |
1 |
1 |
| Lifestyle risk factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Smoking status |
Current |
26.4 |
1.01(0.94, 1.09) |
0.96(0.89, 1.04) |
17.4 |
1.16(1.05, 1.28) |
0.99(0.90, 1.09) |
21.0 |
1.07(0.98, 1.17) |
0.99(0.91, 1.08) |
| |
Ex-smoker |
27.5 |
1.06(1.02, 1.10) |
1.04(1.00, 1.07) |
16.3 |
1.09(1.03, 1.14) |
1.00(0.95, 1.05) |
20.4 |
1.04(1.00, 1.09) |
1.02(0.98, 1.07) |
| |
Never smoked (†) |
26.0 |
1 |
1 |
15.0 |
1 |
1 |
19.6 |
1 |
1 |
| BMI |
Underweight |
24.9 |
1.49(1.39, 1.61) |
1.48(1.37, 1.59) |
15.6 |
1.74(1.57, 1.93) |
1.70(1.54, 1.88) |
18.0 |
1.91(1.74, 2.11) |
1.94(1.77, 2.14) |
| |
Normal weight (†) |
16.7 |
1 |
1 |
8.9 |
1 |
1 |
9.4 |
1 |
1 |
| |
Over weight |
27.2 |
1.63(1.56, 1.71) |
1.62(1.55, 1.70) |
15.8 |
1.77(1.65, 1.89) |
1.64(1.54, 1.76) |
19.4 |
2.07(1.95, 2.21) |
2.09(1.96, 2.22) |
| |
Obese |
42.6 |
2.55(2.44, 2.67) |
2.52(2.41, 2.64) |
26.2 |
2.93(2.74, 3.13) |
2.76(2.59, 2.95) |
39.1 |
4.17(3.93, 4.42) |
4.18(3.94, 4.44) |
| Physical activity |
Sedentary |
32.2 |
1.29(1.19, 1.41) |
1.25(1.15, 1.36) |
25.2 |
1.84(1.66, 2.03) |
1.69(1.53, 1.86) |
35.7 |
2.21(2.04, 2.39) |
2.14(1.97, 2.31) |
| |
Insufficient |
31.3 |
1.26(1.21, 1.31) |
1.24(1.19, 1.29) |
20.1 |
1.46(1.39, 1.54) |
1.40(1.33, 1.47) |
30.3 |
1.88(1.80, 1.96) |
1.84(1.77, 1.92) |
| |
Sufficient (†) |
24.9 |
1 |
1 |
13.7 |
1 |
1 |
16.2 |
1 |
1 |
| Adequate vegetable consumption # |
Yes (†) |
26.5 |
1 |
|
15.5 |
1 |
1 |
19.9 |
1 |
1 |
| |
No |
32.0 |
1.21(0.93, 1.56) |
1.11(0.86, 1.43) |
35.2 |
2.27(1.79, 2.89) |
1.75(1.40, 2.20) |
28.8 |
1.45(1.10, 1.91) |
1.28(0.97, 1.69) |
| Health status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Anxiety status |
Yes |
31.8 |
1.23(1.17, 1.29) |
1.23(1.18, 1.29) |
18.8 |
1.24(1.16, 1.33) |
1.27(1.19, 1.36) |
27.6 |
1.45(1.38, 1.53) |
1.44(1.36, 1.52) |
| |
No (†) |
25.9 |
1 |
1 |
15.1 |
1 |
1 |
19.0 |
1 |
1 |
| Depression |
Yes |
31.6 |
1.23(1.18, 1.29) |
1.24(1.19, 1.29) |
18.8 |
1.26(1.19, 1.33) |
1.28(1.20, 1.35) |
27.8 |
1.51(1.44, 1.58) |
1.49(1.42, 1.56) |
| |
No (†) |
25.6 |
1 |
1 |
15.0 |
1 |
1 |
18.5 |
1 |
1 |
| High blood pressure |
Yes |
35.5 |
1.46(1.41, 1.51) |
1.46(1.41, 1.51) |
22.1 |
1.58(1.50, 1.66) |
1.56(1.48, 1.64) |
30.3 |
1.74(1.67, 1.81) |
1.80(1.73, 1.88) |
| |
No (†) |
24.4 |
1 |
1 |
14.0 |
1 |
1 |
17.4 |
1 |
1 |
| High cholesterol |
Yes |
47.5 |
2.05(1.98, 2.12) |
2.06(1.99, 2.13) |
26.6 |
1.93(1.84, 2.04) |
1.90(1.80, 1.99) |
29.7 |
1.62(1.54, 1.70) |
1.65(1.57, 1.72) |
| |
No (†) |
23.2 |
1 |
1 |
13.8 |
1 |
1 |
18.4 |
1 |
1 |
| Access to PHC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timing of visiting a particular doctor |
Same day (†) |
27.1 |
1 |
|
17.5 |
1 |
1 |
20.5 |
1 |
|
| |
Next day |
27.1 |
1.00(0.95, 1.05) |
1.01(0.96, 1.06) |
15.9 |
0.91(0.85, 0.98) |
0.95(0.88, 1.02) |
20.0 |
0.97(0.91, 1.04) |
1.00(0.94, 1.07) |
| |
2-3 days |
26.5 |
0.98(0.93, 1.03) |
1.00(0.95, 1.05) |
15.2 |
0.87(0.81, 0.93) |
0.93(0.87, 0.99) |
20.3 |
0.99(0.93, 1.05) |
1.03(0.98, 1.10) |
| |
4-5 days |
26.1 |
0.96(0.91, 1.02) |
0.98(0.92, 1.04) |
14.3 |
0.82(0.75, 0.89) |
0.87(0.80, 0.95) |
19.1 |
0.93(0.87, 1.00) |
0.98(0.91, 1.05) |
| |
More than 5 days |
26.5 |
0.98(0.93, 1.03) |
0.99(0.94, 1.05) |
14.7 |
0.84(0.78, 0.91) |
0.91(0.85, 0.98) |
19.8 |
0.96(0.91, 1.03) |
1.03(0.96, 1.09) |
| Timing of visiting any doctor |
Same day (†) |
26.7 |
1 |
|
15.7 |
1 |
1 |
20.0 |
1 |
|
| |
Next day |
26.6 |
1.00(0.95, 1.04) |
0.99(0.95, 1.03) |
15.1 |
0.96(0.91, 1.02) |
0.96(0.90, 1.02) |
20.3 |
1.01(0.96, 1.06) |
1.02(0.97, 1.08) |
| |
2-3 days |
26.9 |
1.01(0.96, 1.06) |
1.00(0.95, 1.05) |
15.7 |
1.00(0.93, 1.07) |
0.98(0.92, 1.05) |
20.1 |
1.00(0.95,1.07) |
1.02(0.96, 1.09) |
| |
4-5 days |
27.2 |
1.02(0.94, 1.10) |
1.01(0.93, 1.09) |
15.0 |
0.96(0.86, 1.07) |
0.94(0.84, 1.05) |
20.0 |
1.00(0.91, 1.10) |
1.02(0.93, 1.12) |
| |
More than 5 days |
28.4 |
1.06(0.99, 1.14) |
1.04(0.97, 1.12) |
17.8 |
1.13(1.03, 1.25) |
1.08(0.98, 1.19) |
20.8 |
1.04(0.95, 1.13) |
1.06(0.97(1.16) |
| Visiting GP urgently same day |
Yes (†) |
27.2 |
1 |
1 |
16.1 |
1 |
|
20.4 |
1 |
1 |
| |
No |
28.6 |
1.05(1.01, 1.10) |
1.04(1.00, 1.09) |
16.2 |
1.00(0.94, 1.07) |
0.99(0.93, 1.05) |
22.0 |
1.08(1.02, 1.13) |
1.07(1.02, 1.13) |
| Self-management |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Confidence in managing own health |
Yes (†) |
20.0 |
1 |
1 |
10.7 |
1 |
1 |
12.4 |
1 |
1 |
| No | 31.5 | 1.57(1.51, 1.63) | 1.57(1.52, 1.63) | 19.2 | 1.79(1.70, 1.89) | 1.73(1.64, 1.82) | 25.6 | 2.07(1.97, 2.16) | 2.05(1.96, 2.15) | |
† Reference category, *Adjusted for gender, age, remoteness, country of birth, education and household income. # Adequate 5 or more portions per day.