Table 4.
Differences between learning variables and outcomes among different motivational profiles [MANCOVA]
| Interest + status motivated (HIHC) Mean (SD) | Interest-motivated (HILC) Mean (SD) | Status-motivated (LIHC) Mean (SD) | Low-motivation (LILC) Mean (SD) | F | Eta squared (% of variance explained) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intrinsic motivation (n = 844, scale score = 1-7) |
5.70a (0.41) |
5.07b (0.36) |
4.63c (0.39) |
3.85d (0.45) |
452.72*** |
0.694 (69.4%) |
|
Controlled motivation (n = 844, scale score = 1-7) |
4.96a (0.74) |
2.90b (0.69) |
4.64c (0.57) |
2.82b (0.88) |
352.77*** |
0.639 (63.9%) |
|
Deep strategy (n = 709, scale score = 1-5) |
3.10a (0.55) |
2.93b (0.62) |
2.64c (0.58) |
2.40d (0.65) |
31.64 *** |
0.137 (13.7%) |
|
Surface strategy (n = 709, scale score = 1-5) |
2.39a (0.62) |
2.14b (0.52) |
2.50a (0.57) |
2.37a (0.59) |
11.48 *** |
0.054 (5.4%) |
|
Self -study hours (n = 796) |
14.16a,b (7.67) |
14.65a (7.69) |
12.77b (6.31) |
13.20a,b (6.61) |
3.05** |
0.015 (1.5%) |
|
ECs (n = 780) |
21.39a (8.15) |
19.84a (8.77) |
20.95a (8.07) |
20.23a (7.96) |
1.126 |
0.004 (0.4%) |
|
GPA (n = 780) |
7.41a (0.93) |
7.62a,b (0.76) |
7.20c (0.93) |
7.35a,c (0.86) |
5.78*** |
0.028 (2.8%) |
| Exhaustion from study (n = 844, scale score = 0-6) | 1.91a (1.03) | 1.83a,b (0.99) | 2.14a,c (1.03) | 2.29c (1.06) | 5.04** | 0.025 (2.5%) |
**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
The means with different subscripts are significantly different from each other, i.e. a mean with subscript “a” is significantly different from a mean with subscript “b” or “c”.
Effect sizes from Eta squared: Small = 0.01-0.06, Medium = 0.06-0.138, Large > 0.138 [32].