Table 1.
Human viruses related to cancer: viral proteins affecting apoptosis
| Virus | Cancer type | Protein | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epstein Barr |
Burkitt’s lymphoma [17] |
EBNA3C |
Binds Rb and promotes cell cycle progression |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma [18] |
EBNA1 |
Inhibits p53 induced apoptosis |
|
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [19] |
|
|
|
| Gastric carcinoma [20] |
|
|
|
| Human Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) |
Kaposi’s sarcoma [21,22] |
LANA1 Kaposina |
Bind to p53 and inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis |
| Human Papillomavirus |
Cervical cancer [23] |
E6 |
Inhibits p53, Bak, FaDD and procaspase 8 |
| Oropharyngeal carcinoma [24] |
E7 |
Pleiotropic effects inhibiting and promoting apoptosis |
|
| Anal cancer [25] |
E2 |
Binds and activates caspase 8 (HPV-18); |
|
| |
|
Interacts with c-Flip inhibiting its action |
|
| Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV) |
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [26] |
Tax |
Involved in regulation of cell-cycle, apoptosis, cellular transcription, NFkβ, chromatin remodeling |
| Hepatitis B |
Hepatocellular carcinoma [27] |
HBx |
Activates caspases 3 and 8 |
| Hepatitis C | Hepatocellular carcinoma [28] | Core, NS3 and NS5A | Suppress p53-mediated apoptosis |