Table 2.
Factors associated with unmet needs for health care among homeless and vulnerably housed participants in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver, Canada, 2009
|
Bivariate models |
Multivariate model |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | |
| Demographics, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Homeless (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| Vulnerably housed |
1.05 (0.83, 1.32) |
0.71 |
1.09 (0.82, 1.45) |
0.56 |
| Age group, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| <30 years (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| 30-39 years |
1.04 (0.70, 1.54) |
0.86 |
0.87 (0.54, 1.40) |
0.56 |
| 40–49 years |
0.95 (0.66, 1.38) |
0.79 |
0.74 (0.46, 1.18) |
0.20 |
| ≥50 years |
0.81 (0.54, 1.21) |
0.31 |
0.63 (0.37, 1.05) |
0.07 |
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Male (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| Female |
1.13 (0.88, 1.45) |
0.34 |
0.84 (0.60, 1.19) |
0.32 |
| Transgender |
0.49 (0.16, 1.49) |
0.21 |
0.24 (0.04, 1.05) |
0.06 |
| City, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Vancouver (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| Toronto |
0.76 (0.57, 1.01) |
0.06 |
1.10 (0.77, 1.59) |
0.60 |
| Ottawa |
0.88 (0.66, 1.17) |
0.37 |
0.90 (0.63, 1.27) |
0.55 |
| Born in Canada, n (%) |
1.40 (1.00, 1.96) |
0.05 |
0.89 (0.53, 1.49) |
0.65 |
| Racial/cultural group, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| White (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| Black/African-Canadian |
0.69 (0.45, 1.07) |
0.10 |
0.76 (0.41, 1.39) |
0.37 |
| First Nations/Aboriginal |
0.96 (0.70, 1.33) |
0.82 |
0.80 (0.54, 1.17) |
0.24 |
| Mixed ethnicity |
1.35 (0.81, 2.25) |
0.26 |
1.34 (0.68, 2.25) |
0.49 |
| Other |
0.31 (0.15, 0.62) |
<0.01 |
0.28 (0.11, 0.69) |
<0.01 |
| Highest level of education, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Some post-secondary education or higher (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| Completed high school or equivalent |
0.80 (0.58, 1.11) |
0.18 |
0.67 (0.46, 1.00) |
0.05 |
| Some high school |
0.96 (0.73, 1.26) |
0.75 |
0.93 (0.67, 1.29) |
0.66 |
| Employed in past 12 months, n (%) |
1.16 (0.91, 1.47) |
0.23 |
1.40 (1.03, 1.91) |
0.03 |
| Lifetime duration of homelessness (years), mean (SD) |
1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
0.07 |
1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
0.59 |
| VAS score (perceived state of health), mean (SD) |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
<0.01 |
1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
0.51 |
| EQ_5D, mean (SD) |
0.06 (0.03, 0.11) |
<0.01 |
0.21 (0.09, 0.53) |
<0.01 |
| Been victim of a sexual assault over past 12 months, n (%) |
1.95 (1.30, 2.93) |
<0.01 |
1.23 (0.73, 2.08) |
0.44 |
| Has a provincial health card number, n (%) |
0.83 (0.58, 1.17) |
0.29 |
0.68 (0.44, 1.04) |
0.08 |
| Has a primary care provider, n (%) |
0.78 (0.61, 0.99) |
0.04 |
0.63 (0.46, 0.85) |
<0.01 |
| SF-12 PCS, mean (SD) |
0.96 (0.95, 0.97) |
<0.01 |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
<0.01 |
| SF-12 MCS, mean (SD) |
0.96 (0.95, 0.97) |
<0.01 |
0.97 (0.96, 0.98) |
<0.01 |
| Number of chronic health conditions, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| 0 (Ref) |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| 1 |
1.54 (0.95, 2.51) |
0.08 |
1.26 (0.71, 2.22) |
0.43 |
| 2 |
2.00 (1.22, 3.29) |
<0.01 |
1.50 (0.83, 2.69) |
0.18 |
| ≥ 3 |
3.66 (2.38, 5.64) |
<0.01 |
2.17 (1.24, 3.79) |
<0.01 |
| Ever diagnosed with a mental health disorder, n (%) | 1.65 (1.29, 2.09) | <0.01 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.41 |