Table 2.
Summary of preclinical studies on patients with sporadic AD
|
Sporadic AD | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | Developed dementia | Mean age (years) | Follow-up time (years) | CSF Aβ42, T-tau, P-tau, Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio or plasma Aβ42 | Comment | Ref |
| 55 |
4 |
73 |
8 |
CSF T-tau was cross-sectionally correlated with MMSE score. CSF Aβ42 was correlated with future MMSE and change in MMSE. |
There were only women in this study. |
[16] |
| 61 |
13 (had a CDR > 0) |
75 |
3-4 |
No significant results for Aβ42, T-tau, P-tau in CSF. |
The main outcome was to predict conversion from CDR 0 to a higher CDR. The CSF T-tau:Aβ42 and P-tau:Aβ42 ratios significantly predicted this. |
[17] |
| 51 |
0 |
73 |
3 |
↓ Aβ42 in CSF predicted cognitive decline. No significant results for T-tau or P-tau in CSF. |
Cognition was evaluated with memQoL and MMSE. The combination of CSF Aβ42 and P-tau predicted cognitive decline with increased accuracy compared with Aβ42 alone. |
[18] |
| 37 |
0 |
73 |
4.5 |
↓ Aβ42 CSF at follow-up correlated with worse cognition. Individuals with the most substantial longitudinal decrease of Aβ42 or increase of P-tau in CSF performed worse on cognitive test than the others. No significant results for CSF T-tau and plasma Aβ42. |
Cognition was evaluated with ADAS-cog and AQT. |
[19] |
| 43 |
0, but 4 developed MCI |
Around 69a |
3.5 |
Aβ42 and T-tau in CSF were used for predicting MCI. |
Individuals were dichotomized into having a high or normal CSF T-tau/Aβ42 ratio. Individuals with a high ratio were more likely to develop MCI on follow-up. |
[20] |
| 35 |
7 |
85 |
3 |
↓Aβ42 in CSF at baseline in patients that developed dementia. The CSF Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio showed a tendency to be lower (p = 0.068) in individuals that developed dementia. |
CSF Aβ40 was lower in patients with dementia at baseline, but could not predict dementia in the cognitively normal. |
[21] |
| 127 | 2, and 11 developed MCI | 60 | 4 | ↓Aβ42, ↑T-tau and ↑ P-tau in CSF among progressors. | All patients had subjective complaints at baseline. CSF Aβ42 alone was the strongest predictor for clinical progression. | [22] |
Aβ = amyloid β; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; ADAS-cog = Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale; AQT = A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; memQoL = the memory item of the Quality-of-Life Alzheimer’s disease instrument; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; P-tau = hyperphosphorylated tau, Ref = reference; T-tau = total tau.
aNot stated specifically for these subgroups.