Characterization of the 213 testis-specific genes upregulated in the resistant Y chromosome males. (a) The average expression level of the 213 genes is significantly higher in the resistant Y chromosome males as compared with more sensitive Y males (P<0.01, dark gray). The other 614 testis-specific genes stably expressed across different Y introgression males (0.05<P<0.95, light gray). Error bars denote >99% confidence intervals for the average fold differences (±4 s.e.m.). (b) The 213 genes generally lack annotation, as illustrated by three representatives: CG17261 (black), CG32584 (dark gray), and CG10969 (light gray). Error bars denote 95% credible intervals for individual genes.