Table 3.
Time 1 Psychological Test Standard Scores
| Psychological Test | VCFS | VCFS+ADHD | Control | Control+ADHD | Main Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WISC-III | |||||
| Full Scale IQ | 70.4 (13.9) *** | 71.8 (13.3) *** | 95.1 (14.2) | 93.8 (14.8) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Verbal IQ | 72.4 (15.2) *** | 75.5 (13.2) *** | 95.3 (13.7) | 91.1 (12.8) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Performance IQ | 71.2 (11.8) *** | 70.8 (14.9) *** | 96.3 (13.9) | 97.7 (14.7) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| FD IQ | 80.4 (14.6) *** | 80.4 (12.6) *** | 96.0 (14.9) | 94.0 (17.0) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Processing Speed IQ | 85.6 (16.9) *** | 81.5 (15.4) *** | 99.8 (16.3) | 94.2 (13.9) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| WIAT-II | |||||
| Reading | 78.2 (16.3) *** | 77.5 (13.3) *** | 98.6 (11.2) | 94.6 (14.3) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Math | 71.3 (18.4) *** | 71.6 (13.6) *** | 95.7 (14.5) | 93.4 (12.8) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Written Expression | 73.2 (16.3) *** | 74.7 (14.2) *** | 94.8 (11.3) | 94.0 (13.3) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| CVLT-C | |||||
| List A Total T-Score | 38.4 (11.7) ** | 35.6 (12.4) *** | 45.7 (12.2) | 41.5 (13.5) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| List A Trial 1 | − 0.7 (1.0) ** | − 0.9 (0.7) ** | − 0.2 (0.7) | − 0.6 (0.7) * | C > CA, VCFS, VCFSA |
| List A Trial 5 | − 0.9 (1.3) ** | − 1.1 (1.0) *** | − 0.3 (1.2) | − 0.8 (0.6) ** | C > CA, VCFS, VCFSA |
| List B | − 0.7 (1.0) ** | − 1.6 (1.2) *** | − 0.4 (0.6) * | 0.0 (0.9) | C > CA, VCFS > VCFSA |
| List A Short Delay | − 0.8 (0.8) *** | − 1.2 (0.8) *** | − 0.2 (0.8) | − 0.2 (0.5) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| List A Long Delay | − 0.8 (0.9) *** | − 1.3 (0.9) *** | − 0.1 (0.8) | − 0.2 (0.9) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Total Intrusions | 0.0 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.8) *** | 0.2 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.8) *** | VCFS, C > VCFSA, CA |
| Total Perseverations | − 0.2 (0.7) | − 0.2 (0.6) | − 0.2 (0.3) | − 0.1 (0.4) | ----- ----- |
| Visual Span | |||||
| Forward Z-Score | − 0.7 (0.6) | − 0.9 (0.6) | − 0.4 (0.7) | − 0.7 (0.4) | ----- ----- |
| Backward Z-Score | − 1.2 (0.9) ** | − 1.4 (0.6) ** | − 0.7 (1.0) | − 0.7 (0.4) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| CPT – GDS Vigilance Task | |||||
| Omission Z-Score | − 1.1 (1.5) *** | − 1.4 (1.0) *** | − 0.1 (0.8) | − 0.6 (0.9) * | C > CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Commission Z-Score | − 1.1 (0.9) ** | − 3.0 (0.9) *** | − 0.1 (0.9) | − 2.4 (0.5) *** | C > VCFS > CA, VCFSA |
| WCST | |||||
| Perseverative Errors | 73.7 (18.3) *** | 68.7 (20.1) *** | 91.3 (16.4) | 84.5 (13.3) | C, CA > VCFS, VCFSA |
| Nonperseverative Errors | 86.6 (18.0) ** | 81.0 (11.7) *** | 94.3 (18.2) | 87.4 (14.4) ** | C > VCFS, CA > VCFSA |
| Tower of London | |||||
| Total Moves Z-Score | − 0.4 (0.4) *** | − 0.4 (0.8) *** | 0.7 (0.5) | − 0.5 (0.8) *** | C > CA, VCFS, VCFSA |
Note. C = Control group. CA = Control group with ADHD. VCFS = Velocardiofacial syndrome. VCFSA = VCFS + ADHD. WISC-III = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 3rd edition (Wechsler, 1991). FD = Freedom from Distractibility. WIAT-II = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third edition. CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test – Children’s version (CVLT-C). GDS-CPT = Gordon Diagnostic System - Continuous Performance Test (CPT). WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. IQ = Intellectual Quotient.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001.