Table 1.
Group; mean (SD)* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
Characteristic | Pediatric bipolar disorder, n = 34 | Healthy controls, n = 40 | Statistical test | p value |
Age, yr† | 13.9 (2.3) | 14.9 (2.7) | F1,72 = 2.71 | 0.10 |
Estimated IQ‡ | 104.1 (9.6) | 108.5 (11.2) | F1,72 = 3.22 | 0.08 |
YMRS score | 22.8 (7.6) | 2.4 (3.3) | F1,72 = 237.30 | < 0.001 |
CDRS-R score | 43.4 (9.9) | 21.6 (5.0) | F1,72 = 149.84 | < 0.001 |
BRIEF overall score§ | 166.1 (60.8) | 80.3 (17.4) | F1,58 = 55.30 | < 0.001 |
Metacognition/executive domain | 94.4 (39.4) | 47.2 (11.3) | F1,58 = 39.71 | < 0.001 |
Emotional regulation | 43.1 (18.8) | 21.9 (5.9) | F1,58 = 34.65 | < 0.001 |
Behavioural regulation | 28.6 (7.7) | 11.1 (2.35) | F1,58 = 140.94 | < 0.001 |
Sex, no. (%) | χ21 = 0.18 | 0.67 | ||
Male | 17 (50.0) | 18 (45.0) | ||
Female | 17 (50.0) | 22 (55.0) | ||
Handedness, no. (%) | χ21 = 0.94 | 0.33 | ||
Left | 2 (5.9) | 5 (12.5) | ||
Right | 32 (94.1) | 35 (87.5) | ||
Race composition, no. (%) | χ24 = 2.29 | 0.68 | ||
White | 17 (50.0) | 18 (45.0) | ||
Black | 10 (29.4) | 11 (27.5) | ||
Hispanic | 4 (11.8) | 6 (15.0) | ||
Asian | 2 (5.9) | 5 (12.5) | ||
Other | 1 (2.9) | |||
Comorbidity, no. (%) | ||||
None | 22 (64.7) | |||
ADHD | 5 (14.7) | |||
ODD | 4 (11.8) | |||
Other | 3 (8.8) |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BRIEF = Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function;30 CDRS-R = Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised;31 ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.32
Unless otherwise indicated.
Age range 10–18 years.
Estimate IQ range 85–134.
Thirty of 40 in the control group and 30 of 34 in the pediatric bipolar disorder group had parent-reported BRIEF scores.