Table 1.

Examples of recent emergence or re-emergence of canine rabies, documenting what is known or estimated about the site and date of incursion, how long it took to implement a response and what type of intervention was implemented. d = days, w = weeks, m = months, y = years and NA refers to unknown information.

Location of outbreak	Epidemiological history prior to outbreak	Estimated date of incursion	Date of detection (time between incursion and detection)	Suspected source of incursion	Site of incursion	Response and date (time between detection and response)	Outcome	Time between sampling and FAT results	Sources
Central Java, Indonesia	No detected cases for at least 10 y	Aug–Sep 1985	Sep 1985	Dog/s transported from neighbouring endemic West Java	Wonogiri district, South East of Central Java	Mass vaccination, culling and movement control of dogs, cats and monkeys began ∼Nov/Dec 1985 (2–3 m)	Outbreak controlled, but few cases reported >1 y later	NA	Waltner-Toews et al. [24]
Terengganu, East Malaysia	Rabies eliminated in 1950s	NA	Dec 1995	Dog on fishing boat	Coastal villages	NA	NA	NA	Loke et al. [34]
Flores, East Nusa Tengarra, Indonesia	Naive group of islands	Sep 1997	Nov 1997 (2 m)	3 dogs on fishing boat from Butung (Buton) Island, Sulawesi	Larantuka, town on eastern tip	Culling began early 1998 (<4 m); vaccination began 2001 (>3 y)	Endemic	>14 d for dogs	Bingham [35]; Windiyaningsih et al. [11]; Scott-Orr et al. [36]
Maluku Islands, Indonesia	NA	NA	Aug 2003	Dogs imported for meat trade from other Indonesian islands; Sulawesi (A.A.G. Putra pers. comm.)	NA	NA	Endemic	NA	ProMED-mail [20]
3 neighbouring districts in Eastern Bhutan	Rabies eliminated in early 1990s	May 2005	May 2005 (<1 m)	Neighbouring endemic India	Gongza village, Toetsho sub district, Tanshiyangtse district	Vaccination began 2005 (<6 m); impounding began Mar 2006 (10 m); no culling as Bhuddist; no mass vaccination	Controlled by Nov 07	NA	Tenzin et al. [27]
Limpopo province, South Africa	No detected cases since 1981 but region endemic	Aug 05 earliest human case	Feb 06 (>6 m)	Southern Zimbabwe or Mozambique	Vhembe district, bordering southern Zimbabwe	Central point vaccination intensified in Feb 06 (<1 m). Infrastructure already in place, ∼40% coverage in preceding years	NA	NA	Cohen et al. [37]
Bhutan-Chhukha district	Rabies eliminated in early 1990s	Late 2007	Jan 2008 (1–3 m)	Neighbouring endemic India	Southern villages of Dala subdistrict	Culling began Mar 2008 (6 w); no mass vaccination	Controlled by Jul 2008	NA	Tenzin et al. [10]
Bali, Indonesia	Naive island	Apr 2008	Nov 2008 (7 m)	Dog on fishing boat from Sulawesi (N. Dibia, pers. comm.)	Ungasan village, Badung regency, southern peninsula	Localised control began Dec 08 (1 m); island-wide vaccination began Oct 2010 (2 y)	Continuing island-wide vaccination with considerable reduction in incidence	3 d for dogs (A.A.G. Putra pers. comm.)	Knobel and Hiby [38]; Putra et al. [39]; Susilawathi et al. [9]
Nias, Indonesia	Naive island	Medic official bitten Dec 2009	Medic official diagnosed with rabies Mar 2010 (>3 m)	NA	NA	Emergency dog vaccination and culling began Mar 2010 (<1 m); intermittent control measures to date but funds obtained and capacity being mobilized; planned mass vaccination in mid 2012 (2.5 y)	Endemic	NA	http://st284015.sitekno.com/article/30848/endemic-rabies-in-nias-island.html; http://www.civas.net/content/two-people-died-rabies-nias
Summary	Island and continental settings including areas where previously eliminated and without a rabies history		Time to detection <1–7 m	Human mediated transport by boat, possibly by vehicle on land, and perhaps local dog movement in Bhutan	Nearby islands or from neighbouring provinces/countries	Initial response <1–6 m; time to mass vaccination <1 m to 3 y (or still awaiting)	Variable: a few outbreaks controlled or eliminated, while others became endemic	3–14 d (very limited data)