Figure 5.

Comparison of orientation selectivity emergence across mammalian species. Orientation selectivity emerges in the retina of lagomorphs and rodents and is inherited by V1 neurons. In species of carnivores and primates, the transformation driving orientation selectivity occurs in visual cortex, although some selectivity in cat and primate is observed in the retina and LGN. Recordings along the visual pathway from macaque (Hubel and Wiesel, 1968; Essen and Zeki, 1978; Schall et al., 1986; Smith et al., 1990; Ts'o et al., 1990; Gur et al., 2005), tree shrew (Fitzpatrick, 1996; Bosking et al., 1997; Chisum et al., 2003), mouse (Dräger, 1975; Métin et al., 1988; Ohki et al., 2005; Weng et al., 2005; Ohki and Reid, 2007; Elstrott et al., 2008; Marshel et al., 2012; Piscopo et al., 2013), rabbit (Barlow et al., 1964; Levick, 1967; Levick et al., 1969; Stewart et al., 1971; Murphy and Berman, 1979; Taylor et al., 2000; Venkataramani and Taylor, 2010), and cat (Hubel and Wiesel, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963; Boycott and Wässle, 1974; Cleland and Levick, 1974; Hammond, 1974; Levay and Gilbert, 1976; Levick and Thibos, 1980; Leventhal and Schall, 1983; Vidyasagar and Heide, 1984; Soodak et al., 1987; Shou and Leventhal, 1989; Thompson et al., 1994; Reid and Alonso, 1995; Shou et al., 1995; Ferster et al., 1996; Chung and Ferster, 1998; Usrey et al., 1999; Alonso et al., 2001; Kuhlmann and Vidyasagar, 2011; Viswanathan et al., 2011; Stanley et al., 2012). Note that the first emergence of orientation selectivity in the primate may depend on whether the thalamic inputs derive from the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway (Gur et al., 2005), and could either be located in layer 4Ca or layer 4Cb (Blasdel and Fitzpatrick, 1984; Ringach et al., 2002). Also note that although tree shrews are more closely related to primates than lagomorphs or rodents, they are not considered primates and the phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved (Cronin and Sarich, 1980; Luckett, 1980; MacPhee, 1993).