Table 1.

Gene expression biomarkers for schizophrenia in blood and brain.

		Tissue		Sample size			Gene expression
Gene	Platform	Category	Type	N	SZ	Controls	Relative to controls	References
CHRNA7	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	55	34	21	↓ TNS & SZ	Perl et al., 2003
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	60	44	16	↓ SZ	Perl et al., 2006
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	91	30	61	× SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	HIP	91	30	61	× SZ	Mathew et al., 2007
DARPP-32	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	15	8	7	↓ SZ	Torres et al., 2009
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC (BA46)	70	35	35	↓ SZ-S	Feldcamp et al., 2008
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC	67	33	34	↑ SZ	Zhan et al., 2011
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	502	176	326	↑ SZ	Kunii et al., 2013
DISC1	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	22	10	11	↑ TNS & SZ	Kumarasinghe et al., 2013
	qRT-PCR	Brain	HIP	91	30	61	↑ SZ	Nakata et al., 2009
DRD2	Custom	Blood	PBL	23	10	13	↑ TNS	Zvara et al., 2005
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	56	30	26	× SZ	Yao et al., 2008
	Affy U133 plus 2.0	Blood	PBMC	21	9	12	↑ SZ	Glatt et al., 2011
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	22	10	11	× TNS & SZ	Kumarasinghe et al., 2013
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC	67	33	34	× SZ	Zhan et al., 2011
DTNBP1	Agilent 18K	Blood	LCL	24	12	12	↓ SZ	Chagnon et al., 2008
	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	90	45	45	× SZ	Yamamori et al., 2011
	QISH	Brain	DLPFC	29	14	15	↓ SZ	Weickert et al., 2004
ERRB3	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	59	25	34	↓ SZ	Law et al., 2012
	Affy HuGeneFL	Brain	DLPFC	24	12	12	↓ SZ	Hakak et al., 2001
	Affy HgU95A	Brain	MTG (BA21)	26	12	14	↓ SZ	Aston et al., 2004
	Affy U133A&B	Brain	BA24/32, HIP	26	113	13	↓ SZ	Katsel et al., 2005
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	103	31	72	↓ SZ	Law et al., 2012
ERRB4	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	59	25	34	↑ SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	103	31	72	× SZ	Law et al., 2012
MAL	Affy HuGeneFL	Brain	DLPFC (BA46)	24	12	12	↓ SZ	Hakak et al., 2001
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	22	10	11	↓ TNS; × SZ	Kumarasinghe et al., 2013
MBP	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	84	39	45	× TNS & SZ	Gutierrez-Fernandez et al., 2010
	Affy U133 plus 2.0	Blood	PBMC	21	9	12	↓ SZ	Glatt et al., 2011
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	22	10	11	↑ TNS; × SZ	Kumarasinghe et al., 2013
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PVC (BA17)	30	15	15	↓ SZ	Matthews et al., 2012
MDH1	Custom	Blood	LCL	14	5	9	↑ SZ	Vawter et al., 2004
	Affy HuGeneFL	Brain	DLPFC (BA46)	24	12	12	↑ SZ	Hakak et al., 2001
	UniGEM V2	Brain	PFC (BA9)	20	10	10	↓ SZ	Middleton et al., 2002
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	43	22	21	↓ SZ	Vawter et al., 2004
NPY1R	Custom	Blood	LCL	14	5	9	↑ SZ	Vawter et al., 2004
	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	90	45	45	× SZ	Yamamori et al., 2011
	Affy HuGeneFL	Brain	PFC (BA10)	30	15	15	↓ SZ	Kuromitsu et al., 2001
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	164	81	82	↓ SZ	Choi et al., 2008
NRG1	Affy U133 plus 2.0	Blood	PBL	38	33	5	↑ SZ	Petryshen et al., 2005
	Affy U133 plus 2.0	Blood	PBL	78	31	47	↑ FEP	Zhang et al., 2008
	Agilent 18K	Blood	LCL	24	12	12	↓ SZ	Chagnon et al., 2008
	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	90	45	45	× SZ	Yamamori et al., 2011
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBL	163	80	83	↓ TNS; × SZ	Zhang et al., 2008
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	39	20	19	↑ SZa	Hashimoto et al., 2004
	qRT-PCR	Brain	HIP	91	38	53	↑ SZa	Law et al., 2006
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC (BA10)	19	11	8	↓ SZa
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC (BA10)	19	11	8	↑ SZb
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC (BA9)	19	11	8	× SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	HIP	19	11	8	× SZ	Parlapani et al., 2010
	qRT-PCR	Brain	PFC (BA9)	12	6	6	↑ SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	HIP	11	6	5	× SZ	Marballi et al., 2012
PICK1	Affy U133 plus 2.0	Blood	PBMC	21	9	12	↑ SZ	Glatt et al., 2011
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	70	35	35	↑ SZ	Sarras et al., 2010
PIK3CD	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	59	25	34	↑ SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	103	31	72	× SZ	Law et al., 2012
PIK3R3	qRT-PCR	Blood	LCL	59	25	34	↑ SZ
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	103	31	72	↑ SZ	Law et al., 2012
SELENBP1	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	58	34	24	↑ SZ	Glatt et al., 2005
	qRT-PCR	Blood	PBMC	56	30	26	× SZ	Yao et al., 2008
	Affy U133A	Brain	DLPFC	46	19	27	↑ SZ	Yao et al., 2008
	qRT-PCR	Brain	DLPFC	68	34	34	↑ SZ	Kanazawa et al., 2008

BA, Brodmann area; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEP, first episode psychosis; HIP, hippocampus; LCL, lymphblastoid cell line; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; PAC, parietal cortex; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PVC, primary visual cortex; QISH, quantitative in situ hybridization; SZ, schizophrenia; SZ-S, schizophrenia suicide; TNS, treatment niave schizophrenia.

^aNRG1 Type I only.

^bNRG1 Type II only.