Table 1.
The Toll-like Receptor 9 Ligand, CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (CPG-ODN), Attenuated Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice During Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture
| Index | Time Relative to Cecal Ligation and Puncture, by Treatment Group |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Untreated |
Control-ODN |
CpG-ODN |
Inhibitory CpG-ODN |
LY294002 |
LY294002 CpG-ODN |
U0126 |
U0126 CpG-ODN |
|||||||||
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 425.6 ± 18.37 | 372.2 ± 22.04a | 435.2 ± 13.26 | 388.1 ± 16.09b | 438.5 ± 25.20 | 416.3 ± 13.94c | 428.3 ± 31.14 | 405.0 ± 7.95 | 441.2 ± 10.15 | 376.1 ± 12.70 | 420.2 ± 13.01 | 400.3 ± 14.61 | 430.9 ± 11.37 | 369.6 ± 14.17 | 422.7 ± 12.33 | 416.4 ± 20.14 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 64.9 ± 7.30 | 44.8 ± 4.25a | 67.6 ± 5.82 | 53.6 ± 3.48b | 67.5 ± 3.88 | 61.32 ± 4.60c | 65.9 ± 1.43 | 49.3 ± 4.78d | 63.2 ± 5.56 | 50.2 ± 4.34 | 64.6 ± 6.51 | 56.7 ± 4.74d | 65.2 ± 4.27 | 51.1 ± 2.78 | 67.2 ± 4.25 | 51.6 ± 7.15d |
| FS, % | 35.3 ± 5.49 | 21.4 ± 2.36a | 37.3 ± 4.48 | 25.2 ± 3.73b | 38.8 ± 5.14 | 33.14 ± 2.19c | 35.8 ± 1.06 | 24.0 ± 4.90d | 33.8 ± 2.74 | 25.4 ± 4.32 | 34.4 ± 5.23 | 27.7 ± 3.73d | 35.3 ± 3.65 | 23.9 ± 3.42 | 40.0 ± 3.24 | 25.9 ± 3.84d |
| LVESD, mm | 2.4 ± 1.01 | 1.7 ± 0.42 | 2.2 ± 0.44 | 1.8 ± 0.66 | 2.3 ± 0.73 | 1.8 ± 0.57 | 2.4 ± 0.33 | 1.7 ± 0.92 | 2.2 ± 0.53 | 1.6 ± 0.41 | 2.2 ± 0.37 | 1.9 ± 0.42 | 2.6 ± 0.69 | 1.7 ± 0.49 | 2.2 ± 0.15 | 1.8 ± 0.33 |
| LVEDD, mm | 6.4 ± 1.04 | 3.1 ± 0.56a | 6.7 ± 0.72 | 3.8 ± 0.64b | 5.9 ± 1.09 | 4.3 ± 1.28 | 6.6 ± 0.92 | 3.2 ± 0.93 | 6.5 ± 0.76 | 3.4 ± 0.29 | 6.9 ± 0.84 | 4.0 ± 0.53 | 6.4 ± 0.72 | 3.5 ± 0.47 | 6.8 ± 1.13 | 4.41 ± 0.71 |
| Stroke volume, µL | 40.1 ± 8.63 | 13.9 ± 1.90a | 44.6 ± 5.98 | 19.7 ± 4.63b | 43.3 ± 8.66 | 33.7 ± 3.76c | 46.7 ± 6.11 | 14.3 ± 1.93d | 43.2 ± 2.37 | 18.1 ± 1.96 | 47.8 ± 3.15 | 23.3 ± 3.05d | 38.0 ± 5.08 | 17.9 ± 4.12 | 45.9 ± 2.97 | 19.5 ± 4.81d |
| Cardiac output, µL/min | 18 816.5 ± 2771.08 | 5068.5 ± 593.89a | 19 514.8 ± 2803.23 | 7738.1 ± 1266.92b | 18 981.6 ± 4029.69 | 14 051.5 ± 1941.27c | 20 001.3 ± 3085.75 | 5799.9 ± 805.56d | 19 065.1 ± 1202.34 | 6818.5 ± 623.89 | 20 064.1 ± 1127.15 | 9326.1 ± 516.24d | 16 391.8 ± 1346.19 | 6604.2 ± 712.36 | 19 405.2 ± 957.31 | 6866.1 ± 579.21d |
Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. Mice were treated with CpG-ODN, control-ODN, or inhibitory CpG-ODN 1 hour before cecal ligation and puncture. In separate experiments, mice were injected with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, or the extracellular-signal-related kinase inhibitor, U0126, 15 minutes before CpG-ODN administration. There were 6 mice in each group. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography before and 6 hours after cecal ligation and puncture.
Abbreviations: FS, fractional shortening index; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter.
a *P < .05, compared with before CLP in the untreated group.
b *P < .05, compared with before CLP in the control-ODN group.
c *P < .05, compared with after CLP in the control-ODN group.
d *P < .05, compared with after CLP in the CpG-ODN group.