Table 3.

Model Parameter Estimates for Longitudinal Growth in Trial-specific AVLT Recall (n = 1,401)

	Memory-trained group estimate (SE)	Control groupestimate (SE)	p Value	Cohen’s d for treatmentdifferences
Means
Initial recall
Intercept	6.29 (0.08)	6.23 (0.07)	.55	0.05
Pre- and posttraining change	0.15 (0.37)	0.00 (0.00)	.67	0.11
Trajectory	−0.03 (0.02)	−0.08 (0.02)	.03	0.35
Learning curve
Intercept	5.51 (0.08)	5.38 (0.05)	.18	0.12
Pre- and posttraining change	1.65 (0.42)	0.00 (0.00)	<.001	1.58
Trajectory	−0.10 (0.02)	−0.06 (0.02)	.12	0.40
Variances
Initial recall
Intercept	2.38 (0.13)	Same
Trajectory	0.02 (0.01)	Same
Learning curve
Intercept	1.09 (0.09)	Same
Trajectory	0.01 (0.00)	Same
Covariancesa
Initial I, initial T	0.02 (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)
Initial I, learning I	0.63 (0.11)	0.60 (0.11)
Initial I, learning T	−0.05 (0.03)	0.00 (0.04)
Initial T, learning I	0.02 (0.03)	0.00 (0.02)
Initial T, learning T	−0.04 (0.03)	0.02 (0.02)
Learning I, learning T	0.00 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
Initial recall indicator residual variance	1.12 (0.05)	Same
Trajectory indicator residual variance	1.00 (0.06)	Same
Model fit statistics
RMSEA	0.049
CFI	0.953
TLI	0.956

Note. RMSEA = root-mean-square error of approximation; CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Tucker–Lewis Index. Results from a multiple-group second-order latent growth model of trial-specific AVLT recall over time that assumes approximately logarithmic growth in trial recall during each study visit. The model setup is described in the Method section and shown graphically in Figure 1. The variance of the pre- and posttraining change was fixed to zero because this parameter captures change between only the baseline and immediate posttraining visit, and thus covariances between this parameter and other parameters are not shown because they are also zero.

aI refers to intercept, and T refers to trajectory.