Table 1.

Major tumor types in gynaecological cancer; genetic mutations and clinical treatments

Organ	Common tumor type	Mutations	Treatment
Ovary[12]	Ovarian epithelial carcinoma	Loss of heterozygosity of PTEN, P53, K-ras, HNPCC mutations. BRCA1 and 2 inactivating mutation. ABCG2 overexpression, β-Catenin expression	Early stage: Ovarian surgery. Rarely detected at an early stage, because there is no definitive marker, but a combined immunoassay with six markers [leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, insulin-like growth factor II, macrophage inhibitory factor and CA 125]. In addition, the use of kallikrein or protease M and osteopontin are helpful
	Endometrioid, Serous, Clear cells, Transitional, Mucinous and Undifferentiated carcinoma
	Endometriosis related tumor		Advanced stage: Platinum based chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy
	Adenofibroma, Tubal intraepithelial carcinoma		Novel Agents: Antiangiogenic agents, Tyrosine kinase, SRC and PARP-1 inhibitors.
	Germ cell tumor
Uterus[28]	Endometrial carcinoma type I [estrogen] and II [no estrogen related], Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma	PTEN inactivation, K-ras, P53 and P16 mutations, Microsatellite instability, HER-2/neu overexpression	Early stage: Hysterectomy, bilateral salpingoophorectomy and pelvic and periaortic lymph node dissection. Hormonal therapy with Progesterone in the form of an intrauterine device [IUD], cyclic progesterone or Megace
	Myometrium cancer		Advanced and/or recurrent stage: Chemotherapy with doxorubicin, paclitaxel and the platinum agents
	Leiomyoma [Commonly benign smooth muscle tumor]		Adjuvant radiation. Hormonal Therapy with medroxyprogesterone
	Endometrial cancer in advanced stage with myometrial invasion		Novel Agents: Ephotilones, Mammalian target of Rapamycin [mTOR] Inhibitors, Angiogenesis inhibitors. Myomectomy, and/or advanced stage treatments
Cervix[29]	Cervical carcinoma	K-ras mutations Carbonic anhydrase	Early stage: Laparotomic lymphadenectomy Radical trachelectomy, Hysterectomy. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. Local radiotherapy
	Squamous-cell, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous and small-cell carcinoma	IX [CAIX], CAXII, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and VEGF upregulation	Advanced and/or recurrent stage: Adjuvant Chemotherapy
		Deregulated expression of E6 and E7 viral oncogenes	Novel Agents:Genome wide expression arrays, MiRNAs, Hyperbaric oxygenation for tumour sensitisation to radiotherapy.

The early or advanced stage depends on the extent of local spread [shown by the tumour stage and tumour size], nodal status and histological subtype. The grading is based on the WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours and Classification of Diseases for Oncology.