Regression analysis of phosphorylation ratios (stimulated/contralateral) for FAK (A), p38 (B) and ERK (C) against the mean force–time integral (FAK, p38) or average peak force (ERK) in the force–method experiment. Regression lines were determined from individual data points, but group means (±s.d.) are plotted for clarity. Data are identified by method: length (red, circles), velocity (blue, triangles) and pulse width (green, ×). The high force group is represented by black squares. Representative western blots for contralateral, unstimulated muscles (u) and stimulated muscles (s) for each method and force level are shown above, in which blots from each method are from a single gel, arranged by pairs for readability.