Table 5.
Relationship Between Physical Performance Measures and the Relative Risk of Mortality, Nursing Home Transfer, Fracture, and Functional Change over One Yeara
| Mortality | Nursing Home Transfer | Fracture | Functional Change (ADL) (average decline per 100 days) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Grip strength | ||||||||
| ≥ 14 kg | 0.57*** (0.43 – 0.77) | 0.89 (0.65 – 1.23) | 0.69** (0.53 – 0.90) | 0.75+ (0.55 – 1.04) | 0.52*** (0.36 – 0.75) | 0.53* (0.33 – 0.86) | 0.63* (0.50- 0.76) | 0.62*** (0.49 – 0.76) |
| < 14 kg | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.88 | 0.95 |
| Grip strength | ||||||||
| ≥ 10 kg | 0.56*** (0.42 – 0.75) | 0.94 (0.67 – 1.31) | 0.71** (0.55 – 0.92) | 0.87 (0.65 – 1.17) | 0.63* (0.44 – 0.89) | 0.68 (0.43 – 1.08) | 0.76 (0.64-0.87) | 0.74+ (0.62 – 0.85) |
| < 10 kg | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.79 | 0.93 |
| Walk speed | ||||||||
| ≥ 0.6 m/sec | 0.58* (0.36 – 0.93) | 1.21 (0.75 – 1.96) | 0.51** (0.32 – 0.81) | 0.61* (0.37 – 0.99) | 0.45** (0.21 – 0.93) | 0.51+ (0.24 – 1.08) | 0.49* (0.27-0.71) | 0.49** (0.27 – 0.72) |
| < 0.6 m/sec | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.79 | 0.84 |
| Chair rise | ||||||||
| Able 5 times | 0.41*** (0.29 – 0.58) | 0.76 (0.52 – 1.13) | 0.49*** (0.35 – 0.70) | 0.57** (0.40 – 0.83) | 0.48*** (0.30 – 0.75) | 0.46** (0.28 – 0.77) | 0.48*** (0.33-0.63) | 0.47*** (0.32 – 0.61) |
| Unable | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.86 | 0.91 |
| Balance: Tandem | ||||||||
| Able 1-10 sec | 0.39*** (0.23 – 0.64) | 0.72 (0.44 – 1.17) | 0.56*** (0.41 – 0.78) | 0.75 (0.53 – 1.06) | 0.75 (0.46 – 1.23) | 0.88 (0.52 – 1.49) | 0.60+ (0.41-0.78) | 0.57** (0.40 – 0.75) |
| Unable | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.81 | 0.87 |
a
Results show relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. N ranges from 1772 for unadjusted mortality (chair rise) to 1594 for adjusted fracture (tandem stand). Relative risks based on Proportional Hazards or GEE models (adjusting for within-facility clustering). Adjusted models control for age, sex, race, marital status, cognitive impairment (MDS-COGS), seven ADLs, depression (CDS-D), and comorbidities.
***
p<.001
**
p<.01
*
p<.05
+
p<.10